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ELBERT  WALLER 

TAMAHOA,  ILLINOIS       <3l& 

*1lr 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 

Class  Book  Volume 


wsiyuuL  mm 


of  II 


Many  free  countries  have  lost  their 
liberty,  and  ours  may  lose  hers;  but  if  she 
shall,  be  it  my  proudest  plume,  not  that  I 
was  the  last  to  desert,  but  that  I  never 
deserted  her. 


TO  the  sacred    memory  of 
the    brave    pioneers    who 
made  this  Great  State  possible, 
this  little  book  is  affectionately 
dedicated  by  the  author. 


WALLER'S 
BRIEF 

HISTORY 

OF 

ILLINOIS 


BY 

ELBERT    WALLER,  Ph.  B. 

TAMAROA,   ILLINOIS 


910 


THIRD    EDITION 

PRICE    40    CENTS 


WAGONER    PRINTING    COMPANY 
GALESBURG,       LLINOIS 


371.  3 


COPYRIGHT  1910  BY 
ELBERT  WALLER 


PREFACE 


Illinois  has  contributed  so  largely  to  American 
history  that  we  cannot  fully  comprehend  the  story  of 
our  beloved  country  unless  we  know  something  of  the 
trials  and  triumphs  of  the  people  who  have  given  to 
Illinois  its  prominence  in  national  affairs. 

The  author  attempts  here  to  present  the  import- 
ant facts  in  Illinois  history  in  chronological  order  and 
in  brief  and  tangible  shape  without  making  any  at- 
tempt at  rhetorical  display. 

Grateful  acknowledgements  are  due  to  Ex-County 
Superintendent  Mrs.  Emma  M.  Bryan,  of  Murphys- 
boro,  County  Superintendent  O.  J.  Kern,  of  Rockford, 
County  Superintendent  Maurice  A.  Mudd,  of  Ches- 
ter, County  Superintendent  C.  L.  Gregory,  of  Aledo, 
County  Superintendent  C.  F.  Easterday,  of  Vandalia. 
Dr.  J.  T.  Marlow,  of  Tamaroa,  Editor  H.  L.  Farmer, 
of  Tamaroa,  Hon.  Henry  Clay,  of  Tamaroa,  and  Mrs. 
Jessie  Palmer  Webber,  Sec'y  111.  Hist.  Society,  Spring- 
field, all  of  whom  have  made  prompt  and  gen- 
erous responses  to  inquiries;  also  to  Prof.  C.  E.  Hef- 
lin,  of  Viola,  and  Miss  Edna  Stallings,  of  Viola,  each 
of  whom  has  given  valuable  assistance  in  preparing 
the  illustrations. 

Whether  this  little  volume  will  endure  the  keen 
and  relentless  critical  spirit  characteristic  of  this  age. 
remains  to  be  seen,  yet  it  is  certain  that  we  are  justi- 
fied in  being  proud  that  our  state  history  is  such  as 
to  allow  us  to  record  the  facts  herein  contained. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


WE  ARE  ININl 


While  on  his  journey  down  the  Mississippi,  Mar- 
quette  discovered  human  footprints  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Des  Moines  and  by  tracing  them  a  distance  of 
five  or  six  miles  he  reached  an  Indian  village.  He 
called  out  in  the  Algonquin  tongue,  "Who  are  you?" 
and  received  the  reply,  "We  are  Inini."  This  was  in- 
terpreted to  mean  real  incn  as  distinguished  from  the 
Iroquois,  whom  they  hated  for  their  cruelty.  From 
Inini  it  changed  to  Jllini;  the  adjective  ending,  ese  or 
ois,  was  added  and  it  became  Illinese  and  finally 
Illinois.  From  that  time  on,  Illinois  was  a  general 
term  applied  to  all  the  Indians  of  this  region. 


Cahokia  Mound  near  East  St.  Louis — the  Largest  Pyramid  in  the 

World—  1O2  feet  high,  78O  feet  wide  and  1O8O  feet  long. 

Erected  by  hand,  probably  as  early  as  5OO  15.  C. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE    ABORIGINES. 

1.  Who  were  the  first  men  on  Illinois  soil  and 
whence  came  they?     These  are  questions  that  are  as 
puzzling  as  the   Sphinx's   Riddle  and  questions   that 
will   never  be  answered.       They  have  left  us   their 
graves  and  their  mounds,  their  only  history.   Whether 
these  mounds  were   for  the  worship   of   a   Supreme 
Being  or  whether  they  were  for  defense,  we  know 
not.    As  a  race,  whither  did  they  go?   Was  each  race 
exterminated  by  a  succeeding  one  or  were  they  all 
the  ancestors  of  the   Indians?     These  questions  are 
likewise  unanswerable.    They  gave  us  their  country, 
but  its  history  vanished  with  those  who  made  it.  All 
we   know   is   that   the   Indians   were   here   when   the 
white  man  came.     Of  those  who  were  here  we  shall 
try  to  tell  you. 

2.  Since  the  Indians  were  more  or  less  nomadic 
it  is  hard  to  classify  them  and  to  tell  just  what  lands 


10  ILLINOIS 

each  tribe  occupied.  Early  explorers  arrange  those 
east  of  the  Mississippi  into  three  great  groups;  the 
Muscogees,  living  in  the  south;  the  Iroquois  or  Five 
Nations  (rather  eight  nations),  inhabiting  the  coun- 
try from  New  York  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  west- 
ward to  the  Great  Lakes ;  the  Algonquins,  the  most 
powerful  of  them  all,  occupying  practically  all  the 
remaining  territory. 

3.  When  LaSalle  came  he  found  the  Indians,  lat- 
er known  as  the  Illini  Federation,  occupying  most  of 
the  region  drained  by  the  Illinois  river  and  its  trib- 
utaries.    This   federation  may  be  said  to  have  been 
composed  of  the  following:    the    Kaskaskias,  the  Ca- 
hokias,  the  Peorias,  the  Tamaroas,  and  the  Mitchi- 
gamies. 

4.  Next  is  the  wise  and  daring  Miami   Federa- 
tion.    It  was  composed  of  the  Miamis,  the  Eel-Riv- 
ers, the  Weas,  and  the  Piankeshaws.    They  occupied 
a  broad  expanse  of  territory  to  the  eastward. 

5.  Other  tribes  not  in  federations  were :  the  Win- 
nebagoes,    the    Kickapoos,    the     Pottawatomies,    the 
Sacs  and  Foxes  who  settled  together  on  Rock  River, 
and   the   Shawnees   who    were    not    Algonquins   but 
who  came  from  Georgia  and  settled  in  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley.*    Of  the  Winnebago  tribe,  Blanchard  in  his  His- 
tory  of   the    Northwest,    says:      "The   Winnebagoes 

*  A  Piankeshaw  tradition  says  that  they  themselves  al- 
ways lived  here  and  that  the  Shawneese  just  came  up  out  of 
the  ground. 


ILLINOIS  11 

were  of  the  Sioux  stock  and  may  be  set  down  as  the 
most  heroic  of  all,  they  never  having  been  con- 
quered on  the  field  of  battle,  either  by  other  tribes  or 
even  by  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  as  the  fate 
of  Ouster's  army  in  1879  gives  melancholy  experi- 
ence." 

6.  Wars  among  these  tribes  were  common,  each 
struggling  for  the  best  hunting  ground.     The  most 
noted  will,  alone,  require  our  attention.    The  Winne- 
bagoes  from  the  west,  the  Sacs,  the  Foxes  and  the 
Kickapoos  from  the  north  and  the  fierce  Iroquois  from 
the  far  east,  made  such  inroads  on  the  Illini  that  they 
became  weak  and  discouraged.     The  Tamaroas  were 
followed  to  the  Mississippi  and  after  hundreds  of  the 
"braves"  were  killed,  700  women  and  children  were 
carried  away  as  slaves. 

7.  In   1679    LaSalle   built   Fort    Creve   Cour   on 
Peoria  Lake,  but  while    he    was    on    an    expedition 
down  the  Illinois  and  the  Mississippi  rivers  the  fort 
was  destroyed.   Not  to  be  dismayed,  he,  in  1682,  built 
Fort  St.  Louis  on  what  is  now  known  as  Starved  Rock. 
The  Illini,  with  a  rallying  of  their  old  courage,  came 
to  him  and  built  up  prosperous  villages  around  him. 

8.  In    1700   the   Kaskaskias   left   Old   Kaskaskia. 
(where  Utica  now  stands)  and  founded  a  New  Kas- 
kaskia, near  the  mouth  of  the  river  then  given  that 
name,    (now  called  Okaw.)      The   Cahokias  and  the 
Tamaroas  made  a  settlement  at  Tamaroa,  later  known 
as  Cahokia,  in  what  has  long  been    known    as    the 


12 


ILLINOIS 


"American  Bottom/'  south  of  the  city  of  East  St. 
Louis.  The  Peorias  went  to  the  lake  which  now  bears 
their  name.  Fear  of  the  Iroquois  seems  to  have  been 
the  principal  reason  for  moving  and  now.  when  they 
were  at  peace,  many  of  them  concluded  to  go  back  to 
their  old  hunting  ground.  Then  other  old  but  unex- 
pected enemies  appeared  on  the  scene. 


Starved  Rock. 

9.  In  1769  a  Peoria  Indian,  being  bribed  for  a- 
barrel  of  rum,  killed  Pontiac,  an  Qttawa  chief,  at  Ca- 
hokia.  This  brought  on  a  war  from  the  tribes  that 
had  so  long  been  loyal  to  him.  The  Iroquois  had 
troubles  at  home  and  never  joined  in,  but  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes,  the  Pottawatomies,  and  the  Kickapoos 
"never  forgot"  and  in  that  same  year,  the  last  of  that 
noble  Federation,  took  refuge  on  the  site  of  old 


ILLINOIS  13 

Fort  St.  Louis  and  there  perished  of  thirst  and  hun- 
ger. From  this  tragic  incident,  Starved  Rock  gets  its 
name. 

10.  The  maps  on  the  two  succeeding  pages  will 
show  you  about  where  they  were  when  the  white  men 
found  them  and  where  they  were  when  their  lands 
came  under  the  control  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica. 

11.  Their  further  history  is  uneventful  except  as 
they  appear  in  the  War  of   1812   and   in  the   Black 
Hawk  War. 

"No  more  for  them  the  wild  deer  bounds, 
The  plow  is  on  their  hunting  ground ; 
The  pale  man's  axe  rings  through  their  woods, 
The  pale  man's  sail  skims  o'er  their  floods." 


FOXES. 


\     T 


Of 

IHDJAflS 


Marquette's  First  Glimpse  of  Illinois. 


CHAPTER  II. 

EXPLORATION,   CONQUEST  AND  SETTLEMENT, 
1673-1818. 

12.  Father  Marquette,  a  Jesuit  priest  and  Louis 
Joliet,  a  French  fur  trader,  were  the  first  white  men 
to  set  foot  on  Illinois  soil.  In  1673  they  crossed  what 
is  now  Wisconsin,  westward  to  the  Mississippi  River. 
They  sailed  down  that  river  and  finally  up  the  Illinois. 
Crossing  overland  from  the  headwaters  of  the  latter, 
they  returned  by  Lake  Michigan  to  the  mission  at 
Green  Bay,  whence  they  started.  Joliet  returned  to 
France  and  was  given  the  island  of  Anticosti.  Mar- 
quette returned  to  the  Illini  country,  preached  to  the 


ILLINOIS 


17 


Indians  and  established  a  mission — the  first  church  in 
Illinois.  He  soon  became  afflicted  with  that  dread 
disease,  consumption,  and  started  to  return  to  Can- 
ada. On  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  he  died 
and  was  there  buried.  Later  the  Indians  took  up  his  re- 
mains and,  with  great  reverence,  took  them  to  the 
mission  at  St.  Ignace.  Joliet  had  command  of  the 
expedition  and  Marquette  went  along  as  a  subordin- 
ate. Public  opinion  honors  Marquette  the  more  and 
why  not  justly  so?  He  wanted  nothing  for  his  ser- 
vices. He  was  a  man  of  God  "whose  saintly  char- 
acter will  long  remain  an  inspiration  to  men  of  every 
creed  and  calling."  "Greater  love  hath  no  man  than 
this,  that  a  man  lay  down  his  life  for  his  friends." 


Robert  Cavalier  de  LaSalle. 


13.     The  French  now  resolved  to  take  possession 
of  the  Illini  Country  and  sent  Robert  Cavalier  de  La- 


18  ILLINOIS 

Salle  and  Henry  Tonti  (an  Italian)  to  build  a  line  of 
forts.  In  1679  they  went  to  the  south  end  of  Peoria 
Lake,  where  they  built  Fort  Creve  Cour,  the  oldest 
fortress  in  the  state.  An  enemy  of  LaSalle's  told  the 
Indians  that  LaSalle  was  an  Iroquois  spy  and  caused 
them  to  be  unfriendly  to  his  party.  They  sailed  down 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  claimed  all  the  country  for 
France  and  returning,  built  Fort  St.  Louis  on  Starved 
Rock,  organized  the  Illini  tribes  and  other  tribes  into 
another  federation  (see  3)  in  1682.  "From  this  fort- 
ress, inaccessible  as  an  eagle's  nest,  LaSalle  looked, 
down  upon  the  homes  of  more  than  twenty  thousand 
Indians."  Leaving  Tonti,  he  went  to  France  and  tried 
to  return  by  way  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  he  could 
not  find  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  fin- 
ally assassinated  by  one  of  his  own  men.  Thus  died 
in  the  prime  of  his  manhood,  Robert  Cavalier  de  La- 
Salle, "without  doubt  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
explorers  whose  names  live  in  history."  "Never, 
under  the  imperishable  mail  of  paladin  or  crusader, 
beat  a  heart  of  more  intrepid  mettle."  Father  Henne- 
pin  was  with  LaSalle  and  was  sent  to  explore  the 
upper  Mississippi.  He  got  as  far  as  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  escaped,  re- 
turned to  France  and  wrote  what  is  thought  to  be  a 
true  account  of  his  expedition.  After  LaSalle's  death, 
Hennepin  wrote  a  different  story,  retracting  his  form- 
er one  and  claiming  to  have  been  the  first  to  explore 
the  Mississippi  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  latter 
story  is  an  impossible  one  as  his  dates  are  badly  mixed. 


ILLINOIS  19 

14.  Other  Frenchmen  came  over  bringing  their 
families.     The  Kaskaskias  decided  to  abandon  their 
old  village  and,  in  1700,  they  formed  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Kaskaskia  River  what  has  since  been  known  as 
Kaskaskia.     Here  with  them  some    of    the    French 
formed  a  settlement.     Some  of  the  white  people  also 
went  to  the  Tamaroa  (now  Cahokia)   settlement.     It 
is  thus"  evident  that  the  first  two  white  settlements  in 
Illinois,  Tamaroa  and  Kaskaskia,  were  simultaneous 
— 1700.     Since  they  were  going  down  the  river  it  is 
quite  probable  that  the  Tamaroa  settlement  was  a  day 
or  two  the  earlier. 

15.  In    the    year    1718    Louis    XIV,    King    of 
France,  appointed  Pierre  Duque  Boisbraint  as  Mili- 
tary Commandant  in  the  Illinois  Country.     About  18 
miles  up  the  Mississippi  from  Kaskaskia  he  built  a 
fortress  and  called  it  Fort  Chartres.     The  stone  of 
which  it  was  built  was  brought  from  the  bluffs  to  the 
east.     It  was  not  completed  for  about  thirty  years, 
but  it  cost  a  million  dollars  and    practically    bank- 
rupted the  government  of  France.    It  was  the  greatest 
structure  of  its  kind  on  the  Western  Continent,  but  it 
never  fired  a  hostile  shot. 

16.  In  the  year  1719,  just  a  hundred  years  after 
slavery  was  introduced  into  Virginia,  Philip  Renault 
bought  five  hundred    slaves    in    San    Domingo    and 
brought  them   to   Kaskaskia   and   Fort   Chartres   ex- 
pecting to  use  them  in  mining    precious    metals,    of 
which  the  bluffs  were  supposed  to  be  full.     After  this 
hallucination  disappeared  the  slaves  were  sold  to  the 


20  ILLINOIS 

planters.      These  slaves  were  the  forefathers  of  the 
slave  population  of  Illinois. 

17.  When  the  brave  General  Wolfe  and  his  men 
defeated  the  French  at  Quebec,  the  fate  of  the  future 
Illinois  was  practically  decided,  for  it  led  to  the  sign- 
ing of  the  Treaty  of  Paris  September  3d,  1763,  which 
provided  that  France  give  all  her  territory  east  of  the 
Mississippi  to  the  English.     The  English  proceeded 
with  caution  to  occupy  their  new  territory  and  it  was 
October  10th,  1765,  when  Capt.  Sterling,  with  his  42d 
Highlanders,  took  possession  of  Fort  Chartres,  which 
we  Jrave-said~  before  was  the  seat  of  French  govern- 
ment in  Illinois.       On  the  above  date  the  Lilies  of 
France  came  down  from  the  flagstaff  and  the  Union 
Jack,    (the  flag  of  Great  Britain  adopted    in    1707) 
went  up  in  its  place.     The  people  were  guaranteed 
religious  freedom  and  all  the  rights  of  British  sub- 
jects if  they  would  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
King  of  England  and  if  they  chose  to  remain  French 
subjects  they  were  at  liberty  to  go  to  French  terri- 
tory, taking  along  all  their  goods  and  chattels.     Pos- 
sibly as  many  as  two-thirds  of  them  went  to  St.  Louis, 
not  knowing  that  region  had  been  secretly  ceded  to 
Spain. 

18.  On  the  24th  day  of  October,  1765,  George  III 
issued  a  proclamation  which  forbade  any  of  his  "lov- 
ing subjects"  to  acquire  title  to  any  of  this  territory 
wrested  from  the  French.     That  he  intended  to   di- 
vide the  whole  country  west  of  the  Alleghenies  into 
baronial  estates  and  thus  establish  a  government  sim- 


ILLINOIS 


21 


ilar  to  the  old  Feudal  System  in  a  vast  inland  empire, 
cannot  be  doubted. 

19.  Hitherto  the  people  had  been  content  to  al- 
low the  Priest  to  act  as  judge  and  jury  in  disputed 
cases  but  the  English  wanted  something  different 
and  the  jury  system  was  adopted.  The  first  court  in 
Illinois  was  convened  at  Fort  Chartres  December  9th, 
1768. 


Powder  Magazine -the  last  relic  of  old  Fort  Chartres. 

20.  In  1772  the  Mississippi  overflowed  its  banks 
and  swept  away  a  part  of  Fort  Chartres.  The  British 
had  now  an  enemy  that  no  bravery  could  daunt,  so 
they  built  a  fort  near  Kaskaskia  and  called  it  Fort 


22  ILLINOIS 

Gage,  in  honor  of  General  Gage  who  had  command 
of  the  British  troops  in  Boston. 

21.  In   the   year    1774,   the     British     Parliament 
passed  what  was  known  as  the  "Quebec  Act,"  which 
annexed  all  the  territory  north  of  the  Ohio  to  Canada. 
By  virtue  of  their  original  charters,  Virginia,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut  claimed  this  territory.     As, 
might  be  expected,  the  people  of  these  colonies  did 
not  like  this  high-handed  way  of  doing  business  and 
resented  it  in  words  that  forebode  revolution.     The 
sequel  to  this  resistance  to  British  tyranny  may  be  at- 
tributed greatly  to  the  character  of  the  people  and  to 
their  manner  of  living.     The  soil  was  fertile  and  it 
yielded  abundantly  to  those  who  tilled  it.     Like-wise 
the  forest  furnished   plenty  of  game  for    the  hunter. 
So  bountiful  was  the    supply  from    field  and  forest 
that  many  of  the  people  were  employed  in  taking  flat- 
boats  filled  with  produce  down  to  New  Orleans.  While 
most  of  them  were  of  a  reverential  turn  of  mind,  yet 
they  were  a  "happy-go-lucky"  sort  of  people  and  life 
passed  merrily  among  them.     Frolics  were  common 
and  the  Reverend  Father  was  often  the  leading  figure 
among  them. 

22.  On  July   13th,   1775,   the    Continental    Con- 
gress which  was  then  in  session  at  Philadelphia,  es- 
tablished three  Indian  departments,  viz:  the  Northern, 
the  Middle  and  the  Southern.     The  Illinois  Country 
belonged  to  the  Middle.    This  law  never  amounted  to 
anything  but  it  is  worthy  of  mention  because  it  was 
the  first  legislation  in  America  concerning  Illinois. 


ILLINOIS  23 

23.  George  Rogers  Clark  conceived  the  bold 
project  of  taking  the  Illinois  Country  from  the  British. 
This  pleased  Patrick  Henry,  Governor  of  Virginia, 
who  on  January  2d,  1778,  commissioned  him  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel,  gave  him  orders  to  organize  seven 
companies  of  fifty  men  each  and  to  proceed  to  take 
the  British  post  of  Kaskaskia.  The  real  object  of 
raising  these  companies  was  kept  a  secret  and,  in  or- 
der to  delude  British  sympathizers,  a  public  order  was 
given  to  proceed  to  Kentucky  and  protect  the  settlers 
against  the  Indians. 

24:.  Colonel  Clark,  with  three  companies,  went 
down  the  Ohio  from  Fort  Pitt  to  Corn  Island.  Here 
he  was  joined  by  about  a  hundred  Kentuckians.  For 
the  first  time  he  made  known  the  real  object  of  the 
campaign.  About  a  hundred  men  deserted,  leaving 
him  about  the  same  number  as  before  but  undoubtedly 
of  better  mettle. 

25.  While  going  down    the   river  he  was  over- 
taken   by    Captain    Linn    who   bore    a   message    that 
France  and  America  had  formed  an  alliance.    Smith's 
History  of    Illinois  says    this    was   Providential.     It 
might  be  said  to  have  been  Providential  also  that  a 
party  of  hunters    who  knew    the    trails   fell  in  with 
them. 

26.  Believing    the    Mississippi    to    be     fortified. 
Colonel  Clark  chose  to  go  overland  to  Kaskaskia,  and 
landed  about  a  mile  above  Fort  Massac.    On  the  29th 
of  June  he  started  across  the  country.     On  the  third 


24  ILLINOIS 

day  they  got  lost  in  what  is  now  Williamson  County. 
Suspecting  the  guide  (one  of  the  hunters),  they 
threatened  to  kill  him,  but  he  found  a  trail  and  they 
reached  the  bluffs  overlooking  Kaskaskia  on  the  sixth 
day,  July  4th,  1778. 

27.  The  attack  was  well  planned.    His  little  army 
was  divided  into  three  divisions  and  under  the  cover 
of  darkness,  the  left  one  was  to  cross  the  Kaskaskia 
River  below  the  town;  the  right  was  to  cross  above; 
both  to  await  orders  from  Clark  who  led  the  center 
into  town.     A  big  "frolic,"  for  which  Kaskaskia  was 
famous,  was  in  progress  and  all  were  there,  even  the 
garrison.       Leaving   his    men    outside,    Clark    boldly 
walked   in  and   stood,   an   interested   spectator.       An 
Indian  brave  discovered  him  and  gave  a  war-whoop 
All  .was  excitement    but  Clark    tried  to  quiet  them 
bidding  them  to  go  on  with  the  dance,  adding  that  he 
had   "jest   drapped   in''   to   tell   them   that  they   wer 
dancing  under  the  flag  of  Virginia  instead  of  the  flag 
of  Great  Britain.     They  were  all  ordered  to  give  up 
their  arms,  to  go  to  their  homes  and  not  to  attempt  to 
leave  under  penalty  of  death.     The  word  was  given 
to  all  the  soldiers  who  immediately  took  possession  ci 
the  town.    The  Union  Jack  came  down  and  the  Stars 
and  Stripes  went  up.     (See  Clark's  Memoirs).     The 
little  army  whose  bravery  had  won  this  bloodless  bat- 
tle, paraded  the  streets  all  night,  yelling  like  savages. 
Nobody  slept. 

28.  The  next  day  "with  fear  and  tremb!:ng,"  a 


ILLINOIS  25 

number  of  the  old  men,  led  by  Father  Gibauit,  begged 
for  mercy  for  their  people.  Never  did  a  bright  man- 
hood shine  more  brightly  through  a  rough  exterior 
than  when  Clark  answered,  "Do  you  take  us  for  sav- 
ages?'' and  explained  to  them  that  their  French  breth- 
ren were  in  alliance  with  the  Americans  and  that  Eng- 
land was  a  common  enemy.  They  all  took  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  United  States  of  America.  Cahokia 
and  all  the  adjacent  community  promptly  yielded  and 
Young  America  became  firmly  established  on  Illinois 
soil. 

29.  In  the  autumn  of  this  year,   Captain  Helm, 
with  a  small  force,  not  enough  for  a  corporal's  guard, 
went  over  to  "Vincennes  on  the  Wabash,"  persuaded 
the  people  to  place  themselves  under  American  rule, 
and  Captain  Helm  became  Commandant. 

30.  On  the  15th  of  the  following  December,  Sir 
Henry  Hamilton    (the  hair-buyer),  with  eighty  red- 
coats and  four  hundred  Indian  braves,  advanced  upon 
the   fort  at  Vincennes  and    demanded   its   surrender. 
Captain   Helm   demanded    the    honors  of  war.     His 
terms  were  granted,  and  the  "entire  garrison,  consist- 
ing of  one  officer  and  one  man,  walked  out  with  colors 
flying." 

31.  "I  must  now  take  Hamilton  or  he  will  take 
me,"  said  Colonel  Clark.     Accordingly,  on  February 
10th,  1779,  he  started  a  keel  boat  down  the  Mississippi 
with  forty-six  men  and  some  supplies,  to  co-operate 
with  him  in  command  of  his  old  soldiers  and  a  com- 


26 


ILLINOIS 


pany  of  Frenchmen,  one  hundred  seventy  in  all,  march- 
ing overland  to  Vincennes.  In  a  brief  work  we  can- 
not enumerate  the  hardships  experienced  on  this  expe- 
dition. Crossing  the  drowned  lands  of  the  Wabash 
would  discourage  anyone  but  men  of  mettle.  By 
wading,  swimming  and  rafting,  they  got  through,  the 
stronger  helping  the  weaker,  and  on  February  22d 
they  saw  Vincennes.  - 


Clark  Crossing  the  Drowned  Lands  of  the  Wabash. 

(From  Anderson's  Grammar  School  History,  published  by  Chas.  E. 
Merrill  Co.,  Chicago  and  New  York.) 

32.     The  next  day  Colonel  Clark  sent  in  the  fol- 
lowing note: 

To  the  Inhabitants  of  Vincennes: 

Being  now   within   two   miles   of  your   village   with   my 
army,  determined  to  take  your  fort  this  night,  and  not  being 


ILLINOIS  27 

willing  to  surprise  you,  I  take  this  opportunity  to  request  such 
of  you  as  are  true  citizens  and  willing  to  enjoy  the  liberty 
which  I  bring  you,  to  remain  still  in  your  houses  and 
those,  if  any  there  be,  who  are  friends  of  the  King,  let  them 
instantly  repair  to  the  fort  and  join  the  hair-buyer  general 
and  fight  like  men.  If  any  of  the  latter  do  not  go  to  the  fort 
and  shall  be  discovered  afterwards,  they  may  depend  upon 
severe  punishment.  On  the  contrary,  those  who  are  true 
friends  to  liberty,  may  depend  upon  being  well  treated  and  I 
once  more  request  them  to  keep  out  of  the  streets,  for  every 
one  I  find  in  arms  on  my  arrival  shall  be  treated  as  an 
enemy.  Respectfully  yours,  GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK. 

33.  As  indicated,  fire  was  opened  on  the  fort  that 
night.     The   fire   was   returned.     This   continued   all 
night  and  practically  all  the  next  day.   Late  in  the  af- 
ternoon Hamilton  signed  articles  of  capitulation  and 
the  fort  was  formally  delivered  February  25th,  1779. 
Colonel  Clark's  army,  two  hundred  sixteen  men,  had 
taken   from   Great   Britain   territory   enough    for   an 
empire. 

34.  Shall    we    follow    this    great    man's    career 
further?    We  fain  would  do  so  but  a  few  words  must 
suffice.    It  often  happens  that  those  whom  God  means 
shall  do  good  works  are  to  be  wrongly  treated  by  the 
very  ones  whom  they  are  to  benefit.    This  case  was  no 
exception.      Personally   he   was   never   paid   anything 
nor  was  he  in  any  way  rewarded.    He  suffered  many 
years   with    rheumatism   contracted    in   his   country's 
service,  and  died  neglected  and  in  poverty,  the  same 
year  that  the  Illinois  Country  which  he  had  gained 
for  America  became  a  state — 1818. 

35.  In  1778,  the  Legislature  of  Virginia  created 
the  office  of  Lieutenant-commandant    nf  the   Illinois 


28  ILLINOIS 

Country  and  Governor  Henry  appointed  John  Todd: 
of  Kentucky,  to  fill  the  place.  Todd  arrived  at  Kas- 
kaskia  the  next  year  and  issued  a  proclamation  organ- 
izing Illinois  County.  He  appointed  a  Magistrate  at 
Kaskaskia,  one  at  Cahokia,  and  another  at  Prairie  du 
Rocher,  to  hold  court  at  their  respective  places.  He 
also  appointed  a  Captain  of  the  Militia  at  each  place  to 
assist  the  Magistrate  in  carrying  out  the  laws.  Among 
the  early  settlers  superstition  hold  sway  and  many  still 
believed  in  witchcraft.  One  negro  at  Kaskaskia  and 
one  at  Cahokia  were  sentenced  to  be  burned  at  the 
stake  and  their  ashes  scattered.  Mr.  Todd  signed 
their  death-warrant  in  1779,  and  they  were  duly  exe- 
cuted. Doubtless  there  were  others  but  these  are  the 
only  ones  of  which  we  have  any  reliable  record.  Mr. 
Todd  went  to  Kentucky  in  1780  and  was  killed  in  a 
fight  with  the  Indians.  For  the  next  ten  years,  Illinois 
was  practically  without  any  government.  (See  41.) 

36.  France  (not  individual  Frenchmen  like  La- 
fayette) had  agreed  to  help  the  United  States  in  the 
Revolution  more  on  account  of  her  enmity  to  Eng- 
land than  her  good  feeling  for  America,  and  when  the 
negotiations  which  led  to  a  treaty  of  peace  between 
the  .United  States  and  Great  Britain  were  in  progress, 
it  was  plain  that  the  French  representative  was  warm- 
ly supporting  the  claim  of  Spain  to  all  territory  west 
of  the  Alleghenies.  England,  dreading  the  combined 
power  of  France  and  Spain,  did  not  prolong  the  con- 
troversy and  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  Septem- 
ber 3d,  1783.  This  relinquished  all  of  England's  claim 


ILLINOIS  29 

to  territory    east  of    the  Mississippi  River  and  con- 
firmed the  title  of  the  United  States. 

37.  This  same  year,  1783,  Samuel  J.  Seeley  taught 
the  first  school  in  Illinois.     It  was  at  New  Design  in 
what  is  now  Monroe  County. 

38.  After  the  close  of  the  Revolution  some  of  the 
men  who  had  been  with  Clark  emigrated  to  the  west 
and  settled  in  the  Mississippi  bottom  above  Kaskaskia. 
From  them  it  got  the  name  "American  Bottom,"  which 
name  it  has  ever  since  retained. 

39.  The  states  of  New  York,  Virginia,   Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut  claimed  the  territory  north 
of  the  Ohio  River.     The  first  had  but  little  ground 
for  its  claim  and  gave  it  up  in  1784.     Virginia  mag- 
nanimously ceded  her  claim  in  1784,  with  the  under- 
standing that  the  lands  be  sold  to  pay  the  war  debts 
of  the  states.     Massachusetts  followed  the  same  year 
and  Connecticut  ceded  her  claim  in  1786. 

40.  On  July  13th,  1787,  Congress  passed  a  meas- 
ure proposed  by  Thomas  Jefferson.    It  was  a  code  of 
laws  for  the  government  of  the  Northwest  Territory, 
and  was  known  as  the  Ordinance  of  1787.     Some  of 
the  principal  provisions  were:   that  Congress   should 
appoint  a  governor,  a  secretary  and  three  judges  to 
administer  the  laws;  that  religious  freedom  should  be 
guaranteed ;  that  within  its  borders  neither  slavery  nor 
involuntary  servitude    except    as    a  punishment    for 
crime  should  ever  exist  in  any  of  the  territory ;  that  it 
should  eventually  be  divided  into  not  less  than  three 


30  ILLINOIS 

states  and  never  into  more  than  five  states,  each  of 
which  could  be  admitted  into  the  Union  when  it  had 
sixty  thousand  free  inhabitants.  Nearly  fifty  years 
afterwards  Daniel  Webster  said,  "We  are  accustomed 
to  praise  the  great  law-givers  of  antiquity,  we  help  to 
perpetuate  the  fame  of  Solon  and  of  Lycurgus  but  I 
doubt  whether  one  single  law,  ancient  or  modern,  has 
produced  effects  more  distinct,  marked  and  lasting  in 
character  than  the  Ordinance  of  1787." 

41.  It  may  be  said  to  have  been  three  years  after 
the  adoption  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787  before  Illinois 
had  any  government  at  all.     On  October  5th,  1787. 
General  Arthur  St.  Clair  was  appointed  Governor  of 
the  Northwest  Territory.     He  spent  some  time  in  the 
present  limits  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  and  reached  Kas- 
kaskia  in  1790.     On  April  27th  of  the  same  year,  he 
organized   St.   Clair    County    with    Cahokia    as     the 
county  seat,  the  first  in  the  present  state  of  Illinois. 
It  included  all  the  Illinois  country  south  of  the  Illinois 
River  and  west  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of 
Mackinaw  Creek  near  the  present  city  of  Pekin,  to 
Fort  Massac  near  the  present  city  of  Metropolis. 

42.  Rev.  Joseph  Lillard  founded  the  first  Metho- 
dist church  in  Illinois  in  1793.    It  was  at  Shiloh  in  the 
New  Design  settlement. 

43.  Randolph     County    was    organized     October 
5th,  1795.    It  included  part  of  St.  Clair  County,  being 
all  of  the  Illinois  Country  south  of  a  line  drawn,  due 
east  from  the  Mississippi,  through  the  New   Design 


ILLINOIS 


31 


settlement  to  the  Wabash  River.  This  division  was 
made  as  a  result  of  a  misunderstanding  between  two  of 
the  officers.  One  was  to  be  judge  in  Randolph  County, 
the  other  in  St.  Clair. 

44.  The  first  Baptist  Church  in  Illinois  was  or- 
ganized by  Rev.  David  Badgley,  at  New  Design,  in 
1796. 

45.  By  act  of  Congress,  May  7th,  1800,  Ohio  was 
cut  out  of  the  Northwest  Territory  and  the  remainder 
was  called  Indiana  Territory.  It  was  to  be  a  territory 
of  the  first  class,  in  which  all  the  officers  were  appoint- 
ed by  the  Governor.  This  law  went  into  effect  July 
4th,  1800.  "Saint  Vincennes"  (Vincennes)  became 
the  capital  and  General  William  H.  Harrison  was  ap- 
pointed governor. 


Old  Fort  Dearborn — The  Beginning  of  Chicago. 


32  ILLINOIS 

46.  Almost  immediately  after  the  close  of  the  Rev- 
olution, British  subjects  began  to  plan  to  annex  the 
territory,  north  and  west  of  the  Ohio,  to  Quebec,  and 
did  all  they  could  to  create  a   hostile    feeling  between 
the  Indians  and  American  citizens.     Accordingly,  the 
United  States  Government  thought  it  best  to  build  a 
fort  in  this  region.     A  spot  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan  was  selected  at  first,  but  the  Chipewas 
and  the  Ottawas  objected.    The  next  place  chosen  was 
at  the  mouth  of  the    "Chicagou    River."     Here  Fort 
Dearborn  was  built  in  1804.     It  was  named  in  honor 
of  General  Henry  Dearborn,  who  was  then  Secretary 
of  War.     (See  51,  52,  96.) 

47.  Tradition  says  that  Fort  Massac  was  built  by 
Ferdinand   DeSoto,   the     Spanish    explorer,   in   1542> 
Whether  this  is  true,  we  know  not,  but  it  is  a  fact  that 
the  French  occupied  it  as  early  as  1701.    "Here  Wilk- 
inson,  Sebastian,   Powers   and   others,   with    Spanish. 
French  and  Creole  women  plotted  to  dismember  the 
American  Union.    Here  the  gifted  Aaron  Burr  rested 
refreshed  himself  and  planned  his   southern   expedi- 
tion; his  plot  to  make  an  empire  out  of  the  southwest 
and  if  events  favored,  to  set  himself  on  the  throne  of 
the  Montezumas,"   (111.  Hist.  Library,  Vol.  8.) 

48.  The  first  Masonic  lodge  in  Illinois  was  organ- 
ized at    Kaskaskia,   September  13th,   1806,  by    seven 
pioneers  who  were  bound  by  the  mystic  tie.    The 'name 
of  this  lodge  was  Western  Star. 

49.  On  February  3d,  1809,  the  State  of  Indiana 


ILLINOIS 


33 


was  cut  out  of  the  Indiana  Territory  and  the  re- 
mainder was  called  Illinois  Territory.  Kaskaskia  was 
the  capital.  An  old  atlas  gives  the  following  picture  of 
the  first  capitol. 


Capitol  of  Illinois  Territory. 

50.  Illinois  Territory  was  changed  to  the  second 
class  on  May  21st,  1812.     This  gave  them  the  right 
to  elect  all  town  and  county  officers.     The  same  year 
Gallatin,  Johnson  and  Madison  counties  were  organ- 
ized.    All  these  had  a  tendency  to  encourage  immi- 
gration and  the  country  rapidly  filled  up. 

51.  Prior  to  the  war  of  1812,  British  agents  had 
been  among  the  Indians  of  the  Illinois  Country  and 
poisoned  their  minds  against  the  Americans.     With 
the  declaration  of  war  against  England,  the  Indians 
began.     The  Americans  had  not  been  asleep  but  had 
built  a  line  of  forts  or  block  houses  from  Alton  to 
Kaskaskia,  another  from  Kaskaskia  to  the  salt  works 


34  ILLINOIS 

in  the  Wabash  Valley,  another  along  the  Wabash  and 
the  Ohio,  and  one — Old  Fort  Dearborn — where  Dear- 
born Station,  Chicago,  now  stands.  The  largest  and 
strongest  of  these,  Camp  Russel  at  Edwardsviile,  was 
made  military  headquarters  for  Illinois. 

52.  Captain   Heald    commanded    a    garrison   of 
seventy  men  at  Fort  Dearborn  and  was  ordered  to 
evacuate  it  and  go  to  Vincennes.     He  started,  but  on 
the  next  day,  August  15th,  1812,  the  men  with  their 
women  and  children  were  attacked  by  overwhelming 
numbers  of  Indians  and  most  of  them  were  horribly 
massacred.    This  is  known  as  the  Dearborn  Massacre. 

53.  Colonel    William    Russell,   of   Kentucky,    or- 
ganized a  regiment  of  rangers,  Kentuckians  and  Illi- 
noisans.     Governor  Edwards  ordered  him  to  Peoria. 
the   Indian   "hot-bed."     Captain   Craig  went   up   the 
Illinois  River  with  supplies  to  co-operate  with  him. 
The  latter  arrived  first  and  received  such  a  hot  fire 
from  the  Indians  that  he  could  not  land  until  Colonel 
Russell  arrived.    The  Indians,  seeing  themselves  con- 
fronted   by    a    superior    force,  fled.     Captain  Craig 
landed,  burned  the  town,  captured  the  remaining  in- 
habitants, mostly  Frenchmen,  and  took  them  to  Alton. 
(This  last  act  was  cruel  and  unnecessary.)     The  next 
year  they  returned  to  Peoria  and  built  Fort  Clark, 
burnt  several  Indian  villages,  then  divided  the  force 
into  three  parts,  leaving  only  a  small  garrison.     One 
part  went  up  the  Illinois  River  and  the  other  went 
among  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  on  Rock  River. 


ILLINOIS  35 

54.  Lieutenant  Campbell,  with  two  boats,  led  an 
expedition  up  the   Mississippi,    in    1814,  and  had  a 
deadly  encounter  with  the  Indians  on  what  has  since 
been  known  as  Campbell's  Island.     Later  in  the  same 
year,  Major  Zachary  Taylor,  the  same  man  who  be- 
came president,  made  a  similar  expedition  and  had  an 
encounter  with   British   and   Indians.      Neither  expe- 
dition was  a  success,  but  the  enemy  won  dear  vic- 
tories. 

55.  The    experiences    growing    out  of    this  war 
caused  Congress    to    pass    a    law  requiring  all  able- 
bodied  men  to  practice  military  drill  once  each  month. 
The  days  on     which  they  met  were    called  "Muster 
days."     After    the    officers    had  "bawled    themselves 
hoarse"  they  would  have  a  barbecue,  meantime  they 
"swapped  yarns"  and 

"Sleights  of  art  and  feats  of  strength  went  round." 

These  old-time  Muster  days,  after  they  had  served 
so  good  a  purpose,  degenerated  into  drunken 
brawls,  usually  ending  in  a  free-for-all  fight.  When 
Andrew  Jackson  became  President  he  recommended 
that  musters  be  discontinued,  and  it  was  done. 

56.  On   September  6th,   1814,   Matthew   Duncan 
published  the  first  copy  of  the  Illinois  Herald.     This 
was  at  Kaskaskia,  and  was  the  first  newspaper  in  the 
state.     There  are  now  about  two  thousand. 

57.  The  Bank  of  Shawneetown,  the  Bank  of  Kas- 
kaskia and  the  Bank  of  Edwardsville  were  chartered 
by  the  territorial  legislature  in  1816.     This  was  the 


36 


ILLINOIS 


beginning  of  "Wildcat  Banks."  Hitherto  the  settlers 
never  had  much  money,  though  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  anything  of  value  served  as  a  medium  of 
exchange. 

58.  The  first  Cumberland  Presbyterian  church  in 
the  state  was  organized  by  Rev.  James  McGready  at 
Sharon,  White  County,  in  1816. 

59.  In   1817,  Rev.   Samuel   Wylie   organized  the 
first   Covenanter    Presbyterian   church    in   the    state. 
This  was  in  a  little  grove  just  across  the  Kaskaskia 
River  from  Kaskaskia.     The  well  respected  family  of 
Wylies  in  Randolph  County  are  his  descendants. 


A  Train  of  Prairie  Schooners. 

(From  Woodburn   &  Moran's  American   History,  published  by  Long- 
mans, Green  and  Co.,  New  York  ) 


ILLINOIS  37 

60.  The  quarter  of  a  century  immediately  pre- 
ceding and  as  long  a  time  following  the  admission  -of 
Illinois  as  a  state  (1818),  we  might  properly  call 
"Pioneer  Days."  The  complete  story  of  the  trials  and 
triumphs  of  the  brave  pioneers  of  those  days  will 
never  be  written,'  but  not  even  a  brief  work  would 
serve  its  purpose  if  it  said  nothing  of  them.  When 
the  Englishman,  the  Scotchman,  the  Frenchman,  the 
Irishman  and  the  Swede  left  the  "Old  Home,"  they 
did  not  come  at  the  rate  of  forty  miles  an  hour  on  a 
passenger  train,  but  they  came  in  a  covered  ("kiv- 
ered")  wagon  drawn  by  oxen,  "way  out  west"  to  Illi- 
nois. Those  who  came  from  the  New  England  states 
— New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware — settled  prin- 
cipally in  the  northern  part.  People  of  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio  and  Indiana  settled  in  the  central  part,  while 
people  from  Maryland,  The  Carolinas,  Georgia,  Ten- 
nessee and  Kentucky  settled  in  the  southern  part.  For 
mutual  protection  several  families  came  together  and 
they  formed  a  settlement  near  some  stream  where 
timber  and  water  were  plentiful.  Every  man  had  an 
axe,  a  rifle,  a  frow  (fro),  a  drawing-knife,  and  he 
soon  made  a  shaving-horse.  Among  them  they  would 
own  one  or  more  whipsaws.  Thus  equipped,  they 
built  their  single-room  log  houses  with  "stick  and 
clay"  chimneys,  their  puncheon  floors  and  their  clap- 
board roofs.  They  made  their  furniture,  for  all  the 
furniture  (?)  they  brought  along  was  a  skillet  with 
an  iron  lid.  The  Lord  sent  manna  from  heaven  to 
feed  the  Israelites  and  he  was  not  less  kind  to  the 


38  ILLINOIS 

Pioneers.  He  filled  the  forest  with  deer  which  might 
be  killed  for  food.  Thus,  through  the  help  of  Divine 
Providence,  they  had  venison  to  eat  and,  figuratively 
and  literally,  kept  the  wolf  from  the  door.  Nor  were 
the  women  and  children  idle  while  this  was  going  on. 
They  worked  in  the  "clearing"  or  did  anything  there 
was  to  do.  This  is  the  "start''  these  brave  and  good 
people  had  when  they  came  into  a  region  filled  with 
wild  animals  and  merciless  Indian  savages. 

61.  In  the  summers  of  the  earlier  days  the  feet 
were  not  hidden, 

"In  the  prison  cells  of  pride" 

for  they  all  went  barefooted.  The  clothing  was  made 
of  "buckskin"  and  they  wore  "coonskin  caps.  These 
were  their  "everyday"  and  their  "Sunday"  clothes, 
too,  except  that  occasionally  the  girls  were 

"Decked  in  their  homespun  flax  and  wool" 

which  they  had  brought  from  the  "old  home  back 
east."  The  fashion  soon  changed  and  they  grew 
their  own  wool  and  cotton,  they  carded,  it,  wove  it, 
spun  it  and,  on  a  home-made  loom,  wove  it  into  cloth. 
Then  it  was  made  into  clothes  for  all  the  family. 
When  "Father"  went  to  a  "log-rolling,"  "Mother" 
went  too  and  took  her  "knitting"  along.  The  "husk- 
ing-bee"  and  the  "apple-cutting"  were  common  forms 
of  sociability  and  of  combining  business  with  pleasure. 

62.  The  neighbors  went  into  the  forests  and  built 
the  rude  log  church.     On  one  side  they  put  seats  for 
the  men  and  boys,  and  on  the  other  they  put  seats  for 


ILLINOIS  39 

the  giris  and  their  mothers.  The  preacher  was  one  of 
their  number  who  worked  through  the  week,  studied 
his  Bible  at  night  and  preached  for  two  or  three  hours 
on  Sunday. 

"At  church,  with  meek  and  unaffected  grace, 
His  looks  adorned  the  venerable  place; 
Truth  from  his  lips  prevailed  with  double  sway, 
While  fools  who  came  to  scoff  remained  to  pray/' 

The  old  "camp-meeting,"  once  so  great  a  factor  for 
good,  is  now  a  reality  only  in  memory. 

63.  Smith  says,  "The  teacher  was  like  the  sea- 
sons; he  came  and  he  went."     He  took  anything  of 
value  for  tuition  and  "boarded  round."     Though  the 
people,  «A11  declared  how  much  he  knew," 

it  is  evident  that  his  scholarship,  as  a  general  thing, 
"would  not  pass  muster"  now.  Here  is  a  copy  set  by 
one  of  them,  "luck  at  the  coppy  carefull."  Often  the 
Bible  was  the  only  reader  in  the  school.  All  were  in 
the  same  Arithmetic  class.  They  used  slates  and 
home-made  soapstone  (talc)  pencils,  home-made  ink 
and  quill  pens. 

64.  There  were  no  fever  thermometers  and  the 
good  old  mother  was  the  family  physician,  the  neigh- 
bors were  the  undertakers. 

"Yet  e'en  these  bones  from  insult  to  protect, 

Some  frail  memorial  still  erected  nigh, 
With  uncouth  rhymes  and  shameless  sculpture  decked, 

Implores  the  passing  tribute  of  a  sigh. 

Their  name,  their  years,  spelt  by  the  unlettered  muse, 

The  place  of  fame  and  elegy  supply, 
And  many  a  holy  text  around  she  strews, 

That  teach  the  rustic  moralist  to  die." 


40  ILLINOIS 

65.  .  The  following  is  taken    from  an  atlas  pub- 
lished in  1878 : 

"A  song  for  the  early  times  out  west, 

And  our  green  old  forest  home, 
Whose  pleasant  memories  freshly,  yet 

Across  the  bosom  come ; 
'A  song  for  the  free  and  gladsome  life, 

In  those  early  days  we  led, 
With  a  teeming  soil  beneath  our  feet, 

And  a  smiling  Heaven  o'erhead ! 
Oh !  the  waves  of  life  danced  merrily, 

And  had  a  joyous  flow, 
In  the  days  when  we  were  pioneers, 

Some  fifty  years  ago ! 

But  now  our  course  of  life  is  short, 

And  as  from  day  to  day, 
We're  walking  on  with  halting  steps. 

And  fainting  by  the  way. 
Another  land  more  bright  than  this,   •  ' 

To  our  dim  sight  appears, 
And  on  our  way  to  it  we'll  soon 

Again  be  pioneers. 
Yet  while  we  linger  we  may  all 

A  backward  glance  still  throw,. 
To  the  days  when  we  were  pioneers, 

Some  fifty  years  ago." 


Seal  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 


CHAPTER  III. 

A    GREAT    STATE     WRESTLING     WITH     GREAT     PROBLEMS, 
1818-1860. 

66.  On  April  18th,  1818,  Congress  passed  what 
was  known  as  the  Enabling  Act.  This  law  provided 
that  the  boundary  of  Illinois  should  be  as  follows: 
Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  River;  thence 
up  the  same  and  with  the  line  of  Indiana,  to  the  north- 
west corner  of  said  state;  thence  east  with  the  line  of 
said  state  to  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan ;  thence 
north  along  the  middle  of  said  Lake  to  north  latitude 
42  degrees  and  30  minutes;  thence  west  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Mississippi  River ;  thence  down  along  the 
middle  of  that  river  to  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio 
River ;  thence  up  that  river  along  the  northwestern 


42  ILLINOIS 

shore  to  the  point  of  beginning.  It  further  provided 
that  when  this  territory  had  40,000  inhabitants,  the 
people  were  authorized  to  form  a  constitution  and 
that  it  might  become  a  state.  Nathaniel  Pope  was  our 
territorial  delegate  in  Congress  at  the  time  and  he 
drew  up  the  Enabling  Act,  making  the  northern 
boundary  41  degrees  39  minutes.  In  that  form  it  was 
recommended  by  the  committee  having  it  in  charge, 
but  when  it  was  before  Congress  for  passage  he  pro- 
posed an  amendment  which  made  it  42  degrees  30 
minutes  north  latitude.  The  amendment  carried  after 
much  debating  and  thus  it  remains. 

67.  The  American  Atlas  published  in  Philadel- 
phia a  few  years  later  says  the  population  of  Illinois 
in  1818  was  35,220,  but  by  a  peculiar  manipulation  of 
figures  in  taking  the  census,  it  was  claimed  that  Illi- 
nois had  40,000  people.  Delegates  were  elected  to  a 
constitutional  convention.  The  constitution  was  drawn 
up  and  agreed  to  by  the  delegates  (August  26th, 
1818),  but  was  never  voted  on  by  the  people.  An 
election  was  held  for  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor. 
Congressman  (one),  and  members  of  the  General  As- 
sembly (State  Legislature).  The  Legislature  met 
at  Kaskaskia,  the  capital,  on  October  5th,  1818,  and 
Shadrach  Bond,  the  Governor-elect,  was  duly  inaug- 
urated on  the  next  day.  John  McLean  had  been  elect- 
ed to  Congress  and  the  Legislature  elected  Jesse  B. 
Thomas  and  Ninian  Edwards  to  the  United  States 
Senate.  McLean,  Thomas  and  Edwards  went  to 
Washington  but  Congress  would  not  swear  them  in 


until  it  had  approved  the  constitution.  After  stren- 
uous opposition,  a  bill  approving  it  passed  December 
3d  and  President  Monroe"  signed  it  the  next  day.  Illi- 
nois thus  became  a  state  on  December  4th,  1818.  The 
home  of  a  French  planter  was  used  as  the  capitol. 

68.  The  advocates  of  slavery  knew  that  Congress 
would  not  admit  Illinois  to  the  Union  unless  the  con- 
stitution contained  an  anti-slavery  clause.     With  this 
in  view  they  inserted  a  clause  providing  that,  "Neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall  hereafter  be 
introduced."    The  trick  in  the  word,  "hereafter,"  was 
discovered  but  men  like  William  H.  Harrison  did  not 
believe  it  was  so  intended  and  it  passed.     Subsequent 
events  confirmed  the  views  of  the  most  pessimistic  in 
the  matter. 

69.  By  studying  the  history  of  our  flag  it  will  be 
seen  that  Congress  had  just  adopted  the  present  style 
of  flag,  i.  e.  thirteen  stars  and  thirteen  stripes,  with 
one  star  added  for  each  state  added  to  the  original 
thirteen.     Illinois'  star  appeared  in  the  flag  on  July 
4th,  1819. 

70.  In  1819,  Governor  Bond  called  the  Legisla- 
ture together  and  it  passed  a  law  locating  the  capital 
at  Vandalia.     It  also  passed  what  was  known  as  the 
"Black  Code."     As  the    name    might  imply,   it  was 
concerning  the  negro.     It  provided:     That  a  negro 
could  not  bring  suit  nor  testify  in  any  court ;  that  if 
he  were  found  ten  miles  from  home  he  could  be  taken 
before  a  justice  and  whipped  twenty-five  lashes;  that 


44  ILLINOIS 

unless  he  had  a  certificate  of  freedom  his  services  for 
one  year  could  be  sold  by  the  sheriff;  that  he  might 
be  sold  on  execution  or  mortgaged  for  his  master's 
debts ;  that  no  person  could  legally  bring  a  slave  to  the 
state  for  the  purpose  of  freeing  him  without  giving  a 
bond  of  $1,000  guaranteeing  that  such  slave  would  be 
a  law-abiding  and  self-supporting  citizen.  The  negro 
slave  had  a  home  and  a  master  that  would  protect  him 
but  the  free  negro  was  an  outcast  liable  to  all  kinds 
of  indignities  even  to  being  kidnapped  and  sold  down 
the  river.  He  therefore  often  made  himself  a  volun- 
tary slave  to  some  master. 

71.  In  the  fall  of  1820,  at  a  cost  of  only  twenty- 
five  dollars,  a  young  man,  Sidney  Breese,  who  later 
became  United  States  Senator,  moved  the  records  to 
the  new  capitol,  a  two-story  frame  building  at  Van- 
dalia.    As  an  incident  of  pioneer  life  it  might  be  noted 
that  while  Vandalia  was  the  capital  the  members  of 
the  Legislature  became  tired  of  venison  and  wanted 
"civilized  meat." 

72.  Banks  everywhere  in  the  country  were  failing 
and  times  were  extremely  hard.     In  order  to  satisfy  a 
popular  clamor,  the  Legislature,  in  1820,  passed  a  law 
organizing  a  State  Bank.     It  was  to  be  at  Vandalia 
and  to  have  branches  at  Brownsville  near  where  Mur- 
physboro  now  stands,  at  Edwardsville,  at  Albion  and 
at  Shawneetown.     State  Bank  bills  were  issued  to  the 
amount  of  a   half    million    dollars.      Several   of   our 
wisest  financiers  were  opposed  to  the  state's  going  into 
the  "wild  cat  bank"  business,  but  the  masses  wanted 


ILLINOIS  45 

it.  The  bills  depreciated  to  thirty  cents  on  the  dollar 
and  times  were  harder  than  before  (except  with 
members  of  the  Legislature.  That  body  passed  a  law 
that  state  officers  should  be  paid  in  this  money  at  cur- 
rent value.) 

73.  In  1821,  Timothy  Burnett  was  hanged  at 
Belleville  for  killing  Alonzo  C.  Stewart  in  a  duel.  This 
was  the  only  legal  execution  for  dueling  in  Illinois. 


Edward  Coles. 

74.  ^In  1822,  Edward  Coles  was  elected  governcr. 
In  his  inaugural  address  he  advocated  the  repeal  of 
the  Black  Laws,  and  this  brought  on  a  contest  tl:ut 
lasted  during  his  entire  term.  The  slavery  men 
claiming  to  no  longer  be  bound  by  the  Ordinance  of 
1787,  wanted  to  amend  the  constitution  so  as  to  legal- 
ize slavery  in  Illinois.  Accordingly,  in  1823,  the  Leg- 


46  ILLINOIS 

m 

islature,  after  unseating  Nicholas  Hansen,  who  opposed 
the  amendment,  and  seating  John  Shaw,  who  favored 
it,  passed  a  resolution  to  submit  to  the  people,  the  ques- 
tion of  calling  a  convention  to  revise  the  constitution. 
Governor  Coles  spent  his  entire  salary  for  four  years 
($4,000),  fighting  this  measure.  Morris  Birkbeck,  i 
liberty-loving  Englishman,  Rev.  John  Mason  Peck,  a 
Yankee  Baptist  preacher,  Hon.  Henry  Eddy,  editor  of 
the  Illinois  Emigrant  at  Shawneetown,  and  many  oth- 
ers did  valuable  service  in  the  fight.  It  was  voted  on. 
August  3d,  1824,  and  the  anti-slavery  men  won  by  a 
majority  of  1668.  It  might  be  added  that  Governor 
Coles,  like  many  other  good  men,  was  very  unpopular, 
in  his  lifetime,  but  his  name  will  long  live  in  history 
as  the  one  who  did  most  to  prevent  the  legalizing  of 
slavery  in  Illinois. 

75.  In   1824,   a  new    capitol,    a  two-story   brick 
structure  which  cost  $12,381.50,  was  built  to  replace 
the  one  built  in  1820  which  had  been  destroyed  by 
fire. 

76.  The  first  law  providing  for  a  free  school  in 
Illinois  was  proposed  by  Joseph  Duncan,  Representa- 
tive from  Jackson  County.    It  passed  on  January  15th: 
1825.     About  the  same  time  the  public-spirited  citi- 
zens  of   Edwards    County   built   a   schoolhouse   with 
"real  glass  windows."     It  was  the  first  of  its  kind  in 
the  state. 

77.  In   1825   General  Lafayette  visited  the  state 
of  Illinois  and  was  received  with  great  honor  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  at  Vandalia  and  at  Shawneetown,     Reynolds 


ILLINOIS  47 

says  he  was  lame  from  a  wound  received  in  achiev- 
ing our  liberties  and  it  seemed  that  his  lameness  add- 
ed to  his  noble  bearing  as  it  told  to  the  heart  the  story 
of  the  Revolution. 

78.  In    1825    Rev.    George    Wolf    organized    a 
church  not  far  from  the  hill  known  as  Bald  Knob  in 
Union  County.     It  was  dedicated  to  "Religious  Lib- 
erty" but  was  composed  mostly  of  Dunkards  and  Uni- 
versalists. 

79.  Ninian    Edwards,   a   former   territorial   gov- 
ernor, was  elected  governor  in  1826.    One  of  his  first 
acts  was  to  openly  charge  the  management  of  the  State 
Bank  with  wilful  violation  of  the  law.     The  Legisla- 
ture "investigated"  and  as  modern  politicians  put  it, 
the  whole  thing  was  "whitewashed."     One  member 
of  the  Legislature,  who  was  sent  to  Shawneetown  to 
examine  the  bank  there  said  he  found  plenty  of  good 
whiskey  and  sugar  to  sweeten  it.    Governor  Edwards 
was  what  might  be  termed  an  aristocrat.     He  wore  a 
coat  trimmed  in  gold  lace  at  his  inaugural. 

80.  On  New  Year's  day,  1827,  Dr.  John  Mason 
Peck  organized  "The  Theological  Seminary  and  High 
School"  at  Rock  Springs,  St.  Clair  County.     It  was 
the  first  seminary  in  the  state.    Later  it  was  moved  to 
Alton  and  is  now  Shurtleff  College. 

81.  The   so-called  Winnebago  War,   in   1827,  is 
one  of  the  most  disgraceful  things   recorded  on  the 
pages  of  history.     The  Winnebagoes  lived  near  Ga- 
lena and  the  "Palefaces,"   by  hundreds,   were  over- 


48  ILLINOIS 

running  their  lands  in  search  of  lead.  Some  boatmen 
from  Fort  Snelling,  in  a  drinking  carousal  with  the 
Indians,  forced  their  squaws  on  the  boats  and  pulled 
away,  not  returning  until  the  next  day.  The  Indians 
had  sobered  up  and  in  their  righteous  indignation  at- 
tacked them.  Several  on  each  side  were  killed  in  the 
fight.  Sixteen  hundred  soldiers  came  to  the  scene. 
Several  Indians  were  arrested,  tried  for  murder  and 
executed.  Ye  Gods!  talk  of  Helen  of  Troy!  Had 
American  womanhood  been  .thus  disgraced,  the 
United  States  would  have  fought  the  world  or  the 
offender — not  the  defender — would  have  been  pun- 
ished. 

82.  McKendree   College    was    founded    by   Rev. 
Peter  Cartright  in  1828.     It  is  located  at  Lebanon. 

83.  In   1829  the  Duncan  Free   School  Law  was 
repealed  and  a  new  one  passed  providing  for  the  sale 
of  the  lands  which  had  been  donated  by  Congress  for 
the  benefit  of  the  public  schools.     The  object  in  sell- 
ing it  was,  not  to  help  the  schools,  but  to  loan  this 
money  to  the  state  and  help  the  tottering  State  Bank 
which  had  been  the  spoils  of  politicians  for  so  many 
years. 

84.  In  1830  John  Reynolds  was  elected  governor. 
In  the  same  year  the  Salt  Works  near  Equality  which 
the  United  States  had  recently  ceded  to  Illinois,  were 
sold  and  the  first  state  penitentiary  was  built  at  Alton 
with  the  proceeds. 

85.  After  the  state  had  lost  a  half  million  dollars 


ILLINOIS 


49 


in   "high-handed  financiering,"  the   State   Bank  went 
out  of  business  in  1831,  its  charter  having  expired. 


Black  Hawk. 

SG.  The  Black  Hawk  War  occurred  in  1831-2 
Several  years  before  some  Indians  of  the  Sac  and  Fox 
tribes,  while  intoxicated,  had  transferred  to  the  United 
States  most  of  the  lands  in  the  region  of  Rock  River 
belonging  to  the  tribes,  reserving  it  until  the  land  was 
sold  to  actual  settlers.  Black  Hawk,  the  Sac  Chief, 
objected  on  the  ground  of  fraud.  Now  that  Keokuk. 
a  rival  chief,  had  ceded  all  his  lands  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  that  his  own  village  had  been  taken  while 


SO  ILLINOIS 

he  was  away  hunting,  he  could  no  longer  endure  it. 
His  war-like  spirit  was  for  a  while  appeased  by  an  o!4 
friend,  a  fur  trader  at  Rock  Island.  The  people,  who 
were  themselves  usurpers,  did  not  feel  secure,  and 
called  on  Governor  Reynolds  for  protection.  Sixteen 
hundred  soldiers  were  soon  on  the  scene.  Black 
Hawk  and  his  famishing  followers  of  men,  women  and 
children,  crossed  the  Mississippi  westward.  On  Jan- 
uary 26th,  1832,  the  troops  burned  his  village.  Four 
days  later  he  gave  up  all  claim  to  Illinois  soil. 

87.  In  the  spring  of  1832  he  started  across  the 
northwest  corner  of  Illinois,  going  to  his  friends,  the 
Winnebagoes,  in  Wisconsin,  to  beg  a  place  to  plant 
corn,  and  was  ordered  back.    He  did  not  heed.    Gov- 
ernor Reynolds,  with  all  the  pomp  of  an  Alexander 
with  eighteen  hundred  men,    met  him    near   Dixon 
Here  a  man  named  Stillman,  while  leading  a  recon- 
noitering  party,  met  a  half  dozen  "Braves"  under  a 
flag  of  truce  and  fired  on  them.    "Black  Hawk's  spirit 
rose  high  in  his  bosom"  at  such  an  act.    He  attacked 
Stillman  and  killed  twelve  of  his  men,  putting  the  rest 
to  flight.     This  disgraceful  scene  was  the  real  begin- 
ning of  the  war. 

88.  The  time  of  most  of  the  soldiers  had  now  ex- 
pired and  they  went  home,  but  a  new  army  of  twenty- 
seven  hundred  men  was  raised.     This  was  in  addition 
to  General  Scott's  army  of  one  thousand  men  at  Fort 
Dearborn   which    did   no   service   on   account   of   the 
cholera.     Black   Hawk,   seeing  this   formidable   force 
arrayed  against  him,  fled.     He  was  pursued  and  in  a 


ILLINOIS  51 

series  of  conflicts  more  than  a  hundred  of  his  men 
were  killed.  He  finally  surrendered  to  the  Winneba- 
goes  and  was  turned  over  to  the  United  States  au- 
thorities, August  27th,  and  the  war  was  over. 

89.  It  had  taken  over  seven  thousand  troops  and 
had  cost  over  a  million  dollars  to  put  four  hundred 
men  with  their  starving  families  off  the  land  of  which 
they  had  been  robbed.     The  Federal  Court  decided 
that  nothing  but  honorable  warfare  could  be  charged 
against  him  and  he  was  released  in  1833. 

"Black  Hawk  is  an  Indian ;  he  has  done  nothing  of  which 
an  Indian  need  to  be  ashamed.  He  has  fought  the  battles  of 
his  countrymen  against  the  white  men,  who  came  year  after 
year  to  cheat  them  and  take  away  their  lands.  You  know  the 
cause  of  our  making  war — it  is  known  to  all  white  men — they 
ought  to  be  ashamed  of  it.  The  white  men  despise  the  In- 
dians and  drive  them  from  their  homes,  but  the  Indians  are 
not  deceitful.  The  white  men  speak  bad  of  the  Indian  and 
look  at  him  spitefully,  but  the  Indian  does  not  tell  lies.  In- 
dians do  not  steal.  Black  Hawk  is  satisfied.  He  will  go  to 
the  world  of  spirits  contented.  He  has  done  his  duty.  His 
Father  will  meet  him  and  reward  him/ — Extract  from  a 
speech  delivered  by  Black  Hawk  zvhen  he  was  turned  over 
by  the  Winncbagoes  to  the  United  States  authorities. 

90.  In   ISoi   Governor   Reynolds   was   elected   to 
Congress  and  on  November  17th  of  that  year  he  re- 
signed   the    office     of   Governor,     whereupon   Acting 
Lieutenant   Governor  William   L.   D.   Ewing  became 
governor. 

91.  On  December  3d,  1831,  Joseph  Duncan  was 
inaugurated   governor.     He  advocated  a   free   school 
system,  a  series  of  internal  improvements  and  a  state 
bank.     The   Legislature   ignored   the   school   question 


52 


ILLINOIS 


but  the  same  year  it  passed  a  law  to  incorporate  a 
company  to  construct  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal. 
Then,  in  anticipation  of  securing  loans  from  the  gov- 
ernment according  to  President  Jackson's  policy,  they 
passed  other  laws  organizing  the  State  Bank  and  to 
revive  the  defunct  Bank  of  Illinois  at  Shawneetown. 
For  political  reasons  these  banks  never  got  any  money 
that  was  distributed  to  "Pet  Banks,"  though  in  183G 
Congress  divided  among  the  states,  the  money  that 
had  accumulated  in  the  national  treasury.  Illinois  re- 
ceived $335,000.  It  was  to  be  added  to  the  School 
Fund  and  is  known  as  the  surplus  revenue.  This 
was  technically  a  loan  but  really  a  gift.  The  state 
used  the  money  and  pays  interest  on  it  into  the  school 
fund. 


Last  State  House  at  Vandalia.     (As  it  was.) 


ILLINOIS  S3 

92.  On   Christmas   day,   1835,   the  first  lodge   of 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  in  the  state  was 
organized    at  Alton.      It  was    named  Western   Star 
Lodge. 

93.  The  state  was  beginning  to  need  a  new  cap- 
itol  and  several  cities  were  rivals  with  Vandalia  for 
its  location.     Hoping  to  settle  the  matter  for  all  time 
to  come,  the  public-spirited  citizens  of  Vandalia,   in 

1836,  tore  down  the  capitol  that  had  been  erected  in 
1824,   and  built  a  commodious   brick   structure   at   a 
cost  of  $16,000.    It  is  now  the  Fayette  County  Court 
House. 

94.  The  people   were  wild  on  internal   improve- 
ments.    Governor  Duncan  awakened  to  the  situation 
and  strongly  counselled  economy,  but  to  no  avail.     In 

1837,  the  Legislature  authorized  the  construction  of 
a  series  of  railroads,  canals,  etc.,  that  raised  the  state 
debt  from  $217,276  to  $6,668,784. 

95.  On  November  7th,  1837,  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy 
was  murdered  by  a  pro-slavery  mob    at    Alton,  be- 
cause  he   published   an   anti-slavery   paper..      Several 
presses  had  been  destroyed  and  he  was  defending  a 
new  one  against  an  excited  crowd  when  the  fatal  shot 
was  fired.    Almost  prophetic  of  his  impending  death 
he  had  said  only  a  few  days  before,  "The  present  ex- 
citement will  soon  be  over ;  the  voice  of  conscience  will 
at  last  be  heard  and  in  some  season  of  honest  thought 
you  will  be  compelled  to  say,  'He  was  right*  ".     He 
was  the  first  to  lay  down  his  life  in  that  awful  strug- 


54 


ILLINOIS 


gle  for  liberty,  and  his  martyrdom  is  spoken  of  as  the 
beginning  of  the  end  of  slavery. 


I-.ove.joy  Monument,  Alton,  Illinois. 

96.  The  city  of  Chicago  was  incorporated  in  1837 
and  William  B.  Ogden  was  elected  the  first  mayor.     A 
short  time    previous  to    this,  the    Pottowatomie  band 
consisting  of  over  five  thousand,  visited  Chicago  for 
the  last  time  and   found  substantial  buildings  where 
the  grass  had  grown  for  ages.    This  war-like  band  had 
already  made  a  treaty  to  go  west  of  the  Missouri,  and 
now  fully  realized  that  they  must  take  up  the  lot  of  the 
exile.      They    engaged   in   a   mimic   war-dance,    then 
silently  and  sadly  took  their  departure  for  the  unknown 
west. 

97.  The   Great   Northern   Cross   Railroad   which 


ILLINOIS  55 

had  been  planned  to  run  from  Springfield  to  Quincy 
(see  94),  was  completed  from  Springfield  to  Mere- 
dosia,  a  distance  of  about  twenty-five  miles.  An  en- 
gine was  brought  from  Pittsburg  and  put  on  it  No- 
vember 8th,  1838.  This  was  the  first  in  the  state. 

98.  Thomas    Carlin    was     inaugurated   governor 
December    7th,    1838.     He    became    alarmed  at  the 
financial  difficulties  confronting  the  State  and,  follow- 
ing the    example    of  his    illustrious    predecessor,  he 
"about-faced"  and  counselled  economy.     The  Legis- 
lature now  saw  that  they  were  right  and  tried  as  hard 
to  save  money  as  previous  ones  had  to  spend  it. 

99.  In  the  summer  and  fall  of  1838,  a  great  epi- 
demic of  chills  and  fever  raged  in  Southern  Illinois. 
For  a  period  of  over  four  months  there  was  scarcely 
any  rain.     The  dews  no  longer  fell  and  the  sun  was 
mercilessly   warm.      In   the   meantime   suffering   and 
death  reigned  supreme.     In  going  through  these  re- 
gions,  travelers  would  often    find   homes    in   which 
every  member  of  the  family  was  sick.    What  a  bless- 
ing it  was  that  a  stranger  should  be  guided  by  Divine 
Providence  to  the  lonely  cabin  to  give  a  cup  of  cold 
water  to  the  sick  and  the  dying!     It  continued  until 
after  the  great  eclipse  of  the  sun  on  September  18th. 
The  Indians  said  the  Great    Spirit    was  angry  and 
many  others  thought  the  Judgment  Day  was  at  han  1. 
but  the  sun  came  out  bright  as  ever  and  that  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  good  rain.     The  air  was  purified  and  the 
pestilence  vanished. 


56  ILLINOIS 

100.  The  capital  was  moved  to  Springfield  in 
1839.  The  old  Presbyterian  Church  was  used  as  -i 
i  .pitol  pending  the  completion  of  the  one  being  built 
by  the  state.  (The  capitol  built  this  year  is  now  the 
Sangamon  County  Court  House.) 


James  G.  Birney. 

101.  In   the  presidential   canvass   of   1840,   other 
things    besides     "log    cabin  and     hard    cider"   were 
thought  of.    The  martyrdom  of  Lovejoy  had  its  re- 
sults, the  question  of  slavery  was  brought  into  national 
politics  and  James  G.  Birney  of  Fulton  County  became 
the  first  candidate  for  prescient  on  the  Anti-slaverv 
ticket. 

102.  Thomas   Ford     was   inaugurated    governor 
December   8th,   1842.     The   state    was   in   deplorable 


ILLINOIS  57 

shape,  financially.  Many  wild  expenditures  had  been 
made  until  in  1842  the  Bank  of  Illinois  at  Shawnee- 
town  and  the  State  Bank  at  Springfield  became  bank- 
rupt. The  state  lost  heavily  in  each  of  these  and  in  all  its 
speculative  schemes.  The  people  awakened  from  their 
delusive  dream  of  munificence  and  splendor,  found  the 
state  $14,000,000  in  debt,  its  credit  to  such  a  low  ebb 
that  its  bonds  sold  with  difficulty  at  fourteen  cents  on 
the  dollar  and  nothing  to  show  for  it  except  a  railroad 
from  Merodosia  to  Springfield  (97)  which  was  after- 
wards sold  for  $100,000  in  state  bonds.  There  was 
now  open  talk  of  repudiating  the  state  debt  but  Gov- 
ernor Ford  took  a  very  decided  stand  in  favor  of  pay- 
ing the  whole  of  it  without  defalcation  or  discount. 
His  wise  counsel  prevailed  and  the  credit  of  the  state 
was  saved. 

103.  In  1844  the  Secretary  of  State  was  made  ex- 
officio  State  Superintendent  of  Schools. 

104.  The   Mormons,   or  Latter  Day   Saints,   set- 
tled at  Nauvoo,  in  Hancock  County,  and  became  a 
power  in  Illinois  politics.     They  secured  favors  from 
each  party,  Whigs  and  Democrats,  until  they  became 
so  strong  as  to  maintain  their  own  militia  and  to  defy 
the  authority  of  the  state.    Things  came  to  a  crisis  in 
1844  when    Joseph    Smith   and    Hyrum    Smith,   his 
brother,   were   arrested   for   counterfeiting,   placed   in 
the  county  jail  at  Carthage  and  were  murdered  by  a 
iv.  ob.    A  reign  of  chaos  followed  but  in  1846  the  Mor- 
mons went  to  Utah  and  established  Salt  Lake  City. 


58  ILLINOIS 

There  were  sixteen  thousand  of  them,  and  it  is  said 
to  have  taken  twelve  hundred  wagons. 

105.  In  1845  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
decided  that  the  descendants  of. slaves  brought  to  the 
state  prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787: 
could  not  be  held  as  slaves. 


General  James  Shields. 

(Kindness  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder,  Virginia,  Illinois.) 

106.  On  May  13th,  1846,  President  Polk  called 
for  volunteers  to  serve  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  The 
call  on  Illinois  was  for  three  thousands  troops,  but  it 
was  met  with  six  thousand  of  our  brave  men  who 
acquitted  themselves  creditably  in  every  battle.  They 
were  led  by  that  great  statesman  and  soldier,  General 
James  Shields.  "From  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la 
Palma  westward  to  Monterey  the  intrepid  fighters 


ILLINOIS  59 

marched,  and  then  across  and  down  to  Saltillo,  Vic- 
toria and  Tampico  until  they  routed  Santa  Anna  on 
the  field  of  Buena  Vista.  In  the  south  of  Mexico  the 
conquering  host  mowed  a  swath  of  glory  from  Vera 
Cruz  until  they  reached  the  heart  and  center  and 
camped  within  the  capital  of  Mexico." 

107.  When  the  Mexican  War  was  over,  General 
Shields  came  back  to  Kaskaskia  and  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate.     After  he  completed  his  term 
he  moved  to  Minnesota  and  was  honored  by  that  state 
with  the  same  office.    He  then  went  to  California,  en- 
iisted  in  the  Civil  War  and,  with  the  rank  of  Briga- 
dier General,  was  assigned  to  the  Army  of  The  Poto- 
mac.   After  the  Civil  War  was  over  he  went  to  Mis- 
souri and  was  elected  to  the  United   States  Senate. 
When  his  term  of  office  expired,  he  went  to  Iowa 
where  he  died. 

108.  Wisconsin   was   admitted   to   the   Union   in 
1846.     This  is  worthy  of  note  in  Illinois  history,  be- 
cause the  former  state  tried  to  gain  back  the  strip  of 
territory  which  had  been  added  to  the  latter  in  1818. 

109.  Augustus  C.  French  was  inaugurated  gov- 
ernor on  December  9th,  1846.     There  were  so  many 
problems  before  him  for  solution  that  it  would  have 
frightened  the  faint-hearted.    The  Mexican  War  was 
in  progress.    The  state  had  out-grown  the  old  consti- 
tution and  changed  conditions  made  a  new  one  neces- 
sary.    The  internal  improvement  question  which  had 
agitated  the  minds  of  the  people  for  so  many  years, 
was  up  for  settlement  and  the  failures  of  the  past  had 


60  ILLINOIS 

made  it  extremely  difficult  to  do  anything  now.  Each 
of  these  questions  were  met  face  to  face  and  solved  in 
course  of  time,  much  to  the  credit  of  those  who  did 
it. 

110.  In  1848  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal 
was  completed.  It  had  been  under  consideration  for 
twenty-five  years  and  work  had  been  carried  on  at  in- 
tervals for  twelve  years.  The  United  States  had 
given  each  odd-numbered  section  in  a  strip  of  land 
ten  miles  in  width  along  its  entire  length  to  aid  in  its 
construction,  and  it  had  cost  the  state  over  $5,000,000. 
but  after  all,  it  paid  and  has  since  been  deepened  until 
water  flows  through  it  from  Lake  Michigan  down  the 
Illinois  River.  It  is  now  the  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal.  This  same  year  a  railroad  was  built 
from  Chicago,  ten  miles  westward,  by  the  Galena  & 
Chicago  Union  Railway  Company.  This  was  the  be- 
ginning of  the  great  Chicago  &  North-Western  Rail- 
way System. 


The  Pioneer— First  Locomotive  in  Chicago. 

(Kindness  of  M.  J.  Clay,  Chicago,  Illinois.) 


ILLINOIS  61 

111.  By  a  vote  of  the  people,  a  new  constitution 
was  adopted  March  Gth,  1848.     It  contained  a  clause 
prohibiting  slavery  and  was  the  first  state  constitution 
to  prohibit  imprisonment  for  debt.     It  also  provided 
that  an  election  for  state  officers  should  be  held  that 
year.     Since  Governor  French  had  thereby  been  leg- 
islated out  of  two  years  of  his  term,  he  was  given  a 
second  term  practically  without  opposition.     On  Jan- 
uary 8th,  1849,  he  was  inaugurated  the  second  time. 

112.  The  trouble  between  the  Flatheads  and  the 
Regulators  or  what  is  sometimes  called  the  "Carnival 
of  Crime"  was  carried  on  in  Massac  and  adjoining 
counties  in  the  forties.    In  the  early  days  most  of  the 
immigrants  to  Southern  Illinois  came  across  or  down 
the  Ohio  River.    That  region  then  became  the  chosen 
location  of  a  band  of  outlaws,  for  there  they  couM 
easily   trade   or   sell   to   the   unsuspecting   immigrant, 
stolen  horses  or  buy  goods  of  them  paying  therefor 
counterfeit  money  or   forged   warrants   on  the   State 
Treasury.     They  made  it  a  business  also  to  kidnap 
free   negroes,   take   them    South   and    sell    them   into 
bondage.    These  outlaws  became  so  strong  as  to  con- 
trol elections  and  the  courts.       If  people  interfered, 
their  property  was  destroyed     and     sometimes     they 
themselves  were  killed.    The  law  abiding  citizens  or- 
ganized   the    "Regulators"     and     the     outlaws     were 
given   the   name,   "Flatheads."        Finally,     in     1849, 
through  the  influence  of  Ex-Governor  Reynolds,  who 
was  again  in  the  legislature,  a  law  was  passed  where- 
by persons  accused  of  crime  could  be  taken  to  adjoin- 


62  ILLINOIS 

ing  counties   for  trial.     This,   with   other  legislation 
restored  order. 

113.  In  1850,  Congress  gave  to  the  State  every 
odd  numbered  section  of  land  in  a  strip  twelve  miles 
wide  extending  from  Cairo  to  LaSalle,  from  LaSalle 
to  Chicago  and  from  LaSalle  to  Galena,  this  land  to 
be  used  by  the  state  in  any  way  it  chose  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad.     There  was  a  provision  that 
where  any  of  this  land  had  been  entered  or  purchased 
of  the  government,  the  state  should  choose  other  land 
in  its  stead.    The  United  States  reserved  the  use  of 
the  right-of-way  for  the  transportation  of  its  armies 
and  implements  of  war  in  time  of  war. 

114.  In  1851  five  important  laws  were  passed:  a 
law  authorizing  counties  to  adopt  township  organization, 
a  law  authorizing  the  establishment  of  private  banks,  a 
law  putting  restrictions  on  the  sale  of  liquors,  a  law 
providing   for   homestead   exemption   and   a   law   au- 
thorizing the  construction  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road. 

115.  Joel   A.    Matteson     was     inaugurated    gov- 
ernor January  9th,  1853.     The  next  year  a  law  was 
passed  "to  prevent  the  immigration  of  free  negroes" 
and  another  law  creating  the  office  of  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  was  also  passed.     Nin- 
ian  W.  Edwards,  son  of  Ninian  Edwards,  was  ap- 
pointed to  fill  this  office. 

116.  In  1855  a  law  was  passed  which  gives  us 
the  basis  of  our  present  free  school  system.    Among 


ILLINOIS 


63 


other  things  it  required  teachers  to  pass  an  examina- 
tion in  reading,  writing,  spelling,  arithmetic  and  ge- 
ography. Strange  as  it  may  seem  to  us  now,  the  peo- 
ple thought  these  requirements  too  severe  and  they 
were  repealed  two  years  later. 

117.  In  1856  the  Republican  party  was  organized. 
The  anti-slavery  people  of  Illinois  were  active  in  this 
party  and  put  in  the  field  an  entire  state  ticket  which 
was  elected,  though  James  Buchanan  carried  the 
state  for  president. 


Locomotive  used  by  the  I.  C.  B.  R.  Co.  in  1856. 

118.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  was  completed  in 
1856.  To  encourage  and  help  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road Company  to  build  it,  the  state  had  granted  all  the 
land  given  by  the  government  for  that  purpose.  (113). 
There  is  a  popular  opinion  that  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company  pays  no  tax,  but  in  lieu  thereof 
pays  to  the  state  seven  percent  of  the  gross  earnings. 


64 


ILLINOIS 


Here  are  the  facts  as  taken  from  their  charter:  it  pays 
no  tax  except  to  the  state.  It  must  pay  five  per  cent 
of  the  gross  earnings  and  a  state  tax  not  to  exceed 
three  fourths  of  one  per  cent  of  the  valuation  of  ail 
the  assets,  provided  that  if  these  do  not  equal  seven 
per  cent  of  the  gross  receipts,  the  said  Company  must 
also  pay  the  difference  to  the  state.  It  will  thus  be 


Illinois  State  Normal  University,  Normal. 

seen  that  the  state  is  entitled  to  the  alternative  that 
will  bring  the  most  money  into  the  state  treasury, 
(153).  Much  censure  was  heaped  upon  the  legisla- 
ture for  giving  all  this  land  to  a  corporation,  but  il 
was  a  wise  move,  financially  and  otherwise.  Land 
through  which  the  road  ran  was  offered  in  1851  at 


ILLINOIS  65 

$1.25  per  acre  with  no  buyer.  In  1856  the  same  land 
sold  at  from  $2.50  to  $5.00  per  acre.  The  money  re- 
ceived by  the  state  was  applied  to  its  interest-bearing 
obligations  and  in  course  of  time  the  immense  debt 
of  the  state  was  paid  (140).  The  above  conditions 
concerning  taxes  applied  only  to  the  original  lines 
and  not  to  lines  which  have  been  bought  or  leased 
since. 

119.  William    H.    Bissell   was    inaugurated   gov- 
ernor January  12th,  1857.    This  same  year  three  im- 
portant laws  were  passed.    One  provided  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  State  Normal  University,  which  was 
located  at  Normal.    Another  provided  that  people  of 
any  school  district  could  vote  a  tax  for  school  pur- 
poses not  to  exceed  two  per  cent,  in  addition  to  the 
tax  authorized  by  the  law  of  1855.     The  last  one  au- 
thorized the  building  of  the  penitentiary  at  Joliet. 

120.  In  1858  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A. 
Douglas    became    candidates!    for    the    United    States 
Senate.    It  would  be  decided  by  the  legislature,  many 
of  the  members  of  which  were  to  be  elected  that  fail. 
Lincoln  challenged  Douglas  to  a  series    of    debates. 
The  challenge  was  accepted  and  they  debated  at  Ot- 
tawa,   Freeport,    Jonesboro,    Charleston,     Galesburg 
Quincy  and  Alton.    Against  the  protest  of  his  friends. 
Lincoln  asked  Douglas  if  he  favored  popular  sover- 
eignty.   The  latter  answered  in  the  affirmative.     Lin- 
coln had  said,  "This  may  lead  to  my  own  defeat,  bu^ 
it    will    keep    Douglas   from  ever    being    president." 
(Can  it  be  that  Lincoln   foresaw    that    this    answer 


66  ILLINOIS 

would  split  the  Democratic  party  and  open  up  the 
way  for  the  ultimate  success  of  his  own  party?)  The 
Republican  ticket  received  the  majority,  but  by  rea- 
son of  an  unfair  apportionment  the  Democrats  had  54 
in  the  General  Assembly  and  the  Republicans  only 
46.  Douglas  won,  but  Lincoln's  sound  logic  and  fore- 
sightedness  made  him  the  successful  candidate  for 
president  two  years  later.  This  debate  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  "The  Battle  of  the  Giants,"  and  was 
probably  the  greatest  event  of  its  kind  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century. 

121.  An  event  of  which  we  are  not  proud  now 
requires  our  attention.   In  1859  it  was  discovered  that 
Ex-Governor   Joel   A.    Matteson    had    defrauded    the 
state  out  of  about  $250,000.  His  property  was  siezed 
by  the  state  and  it  thus  regained  most  of  the  money. 
He  was  never  prosecuted,  but  his  latter  days  were 
days  of  sorrow  and  regret,  and  he  died  without  money 
or  friends. 

122.  On  March  8th,  1860,  Governor  Bissell  died 
and   Lieutenant   Governor  John  Wood  became  gov- 
ernor. 

123.  From  early  days  in  Illinois,  slaves  from  the 
South  fled  northward  and  were  pursued  by  the  slave 
catcher.    While  those  who  sympathized  with  slavery 
assisted  the  pursuers,  the  anti-slavery  men  helped  the 
slave  in  his  flight  toward  Canada  and  for  that  purpose 
conducted  what  has  been  known  as  the  underground 
railway.     It  was  a  violation  of  the  law,  but  they  felt 


ILLINOIS  67 

that  unfair  means  had  been  brought  to  bear  in  the 
elections  and  in  the  courts  and  that  the  slave-catcher 
and  kidnapper  were  daily  violating  the  law  in  their  in- 
human traffic.  Thus  they  felt  justified  in  appealing  to 
a  "higher  law/' 

124.  The  southern  terminus  of  one  of  these  routes 
was  on  the  Ohio  near  Metropolis,    another    was    at 
Chester,  another  at  Alton,  and  a  fourth  one  at  Quincy. 
They  came  together  near  LaSalle.     Here  the  negroes 
either  hired  out  among  the  farmers  or  made  their  way 
to  Lake  Michigan  and  got  aboard    a    steamer,  where 
they  were  purposely  not  discovered  until  they  reached 
a  British  port,  then,  with  great  show  of  indignation, 
they  were  put  off.      By  this  plan  hundreds  of  negro 
men,  women  and  children  were  taken  from  slavery  to 
freedom. 

125.  "The   engineers,   conductors,   brakemen   and 
station  agents  upon  these  lines  were  God-fearing  men. 
who  had  the  courage  of  their  convictions,  and,  if  oc- 
casion required,  did  not  hesitate,  when  on  duty,  to  use 
force  to  protect  their  passengers  from  the  interference 
of  slave  owners  and  slave-catchers,  whom  they  loathed 
and  despised." 


CHAPTER  IV. 

1860-1908. 

126.  On  May  16th,  1860,  the  National  Republi- 
can Convention  met  at  the  Wigwam  in  Chicago  and 
nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  president.  He  was 
elected  over  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  his  closest  rival,  the 
following  November  and  for  the  next  five  years — dur- 
ing the  trying  years  of  the  Great  Rebellion — the  his- 
tory of  Illinois  becomes  an  important  part  of  that  of 
the  Nation. 

"Not  without  thy  wondrous  story, 

Illinois    Illinois. 
Can  be  writ  the  Nation's  glory, 

Illinois    Illinois." 


Richard  Yates,  Sr. 

127.     Richard  Yates,    the    "War    Governor,"    was 
inaugurated  January  14th,  1861.     We  were  now  en- 


ILLINOIS 


69 


tering  into  a  great  conflict.  On  April  14th  Fort  Sump- 
ter  was  fired  on  by  the  Confederates  and  the  Civil 
War  had  begun.  The  next  day  President  Lincoln 
called  on  each  loyal  state  for  troops  and  the  men  from 
every  hill  and  dale  in  Illinois  responded,  "We  are  com- 
ing, Father  Abraham."  Acting  under  instructions 
from  the  War  Department,  Governor  Yates  ordered 
Cairo  to  be  fortified,  then  removed  thirty  thousand 
muskets,  a  number  of  cannon  and  a  lot  of  other  sup- 
plies from  the  United  States  arsenal  at  St.  Louis,  at 
that  time  a  secession  hot-bed,  and  without  orders  tele- 
graphed the  troops  at  Cairo  to  capture  two  boats  of 
supplies  that  the  Rebels  were  taking  down  the  river. 


Stephen  A.  Douglas,  the  "Little  Giant. 


70 


ILLINOIS 


128.  When  the  clouds  of  war  fell  like  a  pall  over 
the  land,  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was  patriotic  enough, 
like  Jonathan  of  old,  to  rise  above  blasted  hopes  and 
disappointments,  above  partisanship  and  prejudice,  to 
help  his  successful  rival  and  he  came  out  for  the  Un- 
ion, declaring:  "There  can  be  no  neutrals  in  this 


General  John  A.  Logan. 

war ;  either  patriots  or  traitors."  Many  who  had  voted 
for  Douglas  ("Douglas  Democrats")  remained  Demo- 
crats and  came  out  for  the  Union.  A  few  who  were  seces- 
sionists at  heart  voted  with  the  Democrats  but  did 
ail  in  their  power  to  further  the  interests  of  the  seces- 
sionists, generally  joining  such  an  organization  as  the 


ILLINOIS  71 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  a  band  of  organized 
traitors.  Still  others  of  them  became  "Lincoln  Re- 
publicans" (nicknamed  "Black  Republicans"  because 
they  were  opposed  to  the  extension  of  slavery)  and 
were  loyal  to  the  Union.  The  author's  father  voted 
for  Douglas  and  became  a  Republican  and  more  than 
once  did  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle  attempt  to 
t~ke  his  life. 

129.  General  John  A.  Logan    was    in    Congress 
when  the  war  broke  out,  but  he  resigned  his  office, 
went  back  to  southern  Illinois,  and,  in  defiance  of  op- 
position, made  speeches  for  the  Union    in    localities 
where  it  was  unsafe  for  it  to  be  known  that  he  was  not 
in  favor  of  secession.  He  did  more  than  any  other  one 
man   to   save   southern   Illinois   for  the  Union.       He 
started  from  Cairo  as  Colonel,  fought  in  more  than  a 
hundred  battles  and  by  dauntless    courage    won    the 
rank  of  Major  General.     He  later  served  his  state  in 
Congress  and  the  United  States  Senate  and  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Republican  party  for  vice  president  in 
1884.     He  stands  without  a  peer  as    a    soldier,  as  a 
statesman  and  as  a  man. 

130.  When    President   Lincoln   called    for   volun- 
teers,   Ulysses    S.    Grant    volunteered    to    serve    the 
country  in  any  capacity  and  soon   demonstrated   his 
ability  as  a  military  leader,  inscribing  on  his  banners 
such  victories  as  Donelson,  Shiloh,  luka,  Corinth  and 
Vicksburg.      By  act  of  Congress  he  was  then  made 
Lieutenant  General.     This  office  was  created  that  he 
might  be  placed  in  command  of  all  the  armies  of  the 


72 


ILLINOIS 


United  States.  He  at  once  took  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  in  person  because  he  wanted  to  fight 
General  Robert  E.  Le?,  the  ablest  Confederate  general. 
The  world  knows  the  tragic  story  of  the  capture  of 
General  Lee's  army  after  four  long,  bloody  years. 
After  the  war  was  over,  Grant  served  two  terms  as 
President  of  the  United  States. 


General  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

131.  More  than  two  centuries  ago,  Andrew 
Fletcher  said,  "Give  me  the  making  of  the  ballads  and 
I  care  not  who  makes  the  laws  of  a  nation/'  That  his 
logic  is  correct  was  never  better  demonstrated  than  in 
the  Civil  War,  but  he  might  have  added,  "I  care  not 


ILLINOIS  73 

who  fights  the  battles."  The  patriotic  songs:  "King- 
dom Coming,"  "Brave  Boys  are  They,"  and  "March 
Through  Georgia"  were  all  written  by  Henry  Clay 
Work  of  Illinois  and  "Just  Before  the  Battle,  Moth- 
er," "Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp,"  and  "The  Battle  Cry 
of  Freedom,"  were  written  by  G.  F.  Root  of  Illinois. 
If  the  battle  went  ill  or  well,  when  the  soldier  heard 
these  patriotic  melodies  his  heart  rose  high  in  hi^ 
bosom  and  he  was  eager  to  renew  the  conflict. 

132.  In  18G3,  the  Legislature  expressed  itself  de- 
cidedly against  the  Union  and  Governor    Yates    ad- 
journed it  against  its  will.    This  reminds  us  of  Oliver 
Cromwell's  dissolving  the  Long  Parliament  more  than 
two  hundred  years  before.    The  war  dragged  miser- 
ably on  while  the  patriot  mothers — bless  their  sacrcvl 
memory — bore  the  burdens  at  home. 

133.  On  January  16th,  18G5,  General  Richard  J. 
Oglesby  was  inaugurated  governor.    On  February  1st 
of  the  same  year  President  Lincoln  signed  the  Thir- 
teenth  Amendment.     The    fact    was    telegraphed  to 
Governor    Oglesby,    transmitted   to   the    General   As- 
sembly and  adopted  all  in  the  same  day.    A  few  days 
later  the  Black  Laws   (70)   were  repealed.     The  war 
ended  April  9th  with  the  surrender  of  Lee's  army  and 
Lincoln  was  assassinated  April  14th.     Thus  ends  the 
story  of  slavery,  so  full  of  sadness  yet  so  full  of  glory. 
Illinois  had  furnished  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Martyr 
President ;   Ulysses   S.   Grant,    the    greatest    military 
strategist  since  the  time  of  Hannibal ;  John  A.  Logan, 
the  greatest  volunteer  soldier  the  world  ever  knew ; 


74 


ILLINOIS 


and  259,000  of  her  gallant  "men  behind  the  guns,"  who 
carried  their  blood-stained  banner  through  the  very 
region  that  cradled  and  nurtured  and  from  whence 
sallied  forth  on  its  mission  of  crime,  misery  and  blood, 
the  disturbing  and  disorganizing  spirit  of  secession 
and  rebellion. 

"Ah!  never  shall  the  land  forget 

How  gushed  the  life  blood  of  her  brave — 

Gushed  warm  with  hope  and  courage  yet 
Upon  the  soil  they  fought  to  save." 


Gtmeral  Kichard  J.  Oglesby. 

134.  England  was  much  in  sympathy  with  the 
South,  and,  when  it  was  evident  that  the  Union  would 
be  preserved,  prophesied  that  such  a  vast  army  could 
never  be  disbanded  peaceably  as  each  soldier,  practiced 
to  the  arts  of  war  and  unused  to  peace,  would  become 


ILLINOIS  75 

practically  an  outlaw,  but  he  returned  to  the  aban- 
doned office  or  shop  or  farm  when  the  war  was  over. 
"And  quietly  took  up  the  broken  ends  of  love  and  life 
as  best  he  could,  a  better  citizen  for  having  been  so 
good  a  soldier." 

135.  To  Dr.  B.  F.  Stephenson,  who  had  served 
the  country  as  surgeon  of  the  14th  Illinois  Infantrv 
during  the  Civil  War,  is  due  the  honor  of  originating 
(he  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  he  having  organize  1 
Post  No.  1  at  Decatur,  Illinois,  April  6th,  the  fourth 
anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 


Engineering  Hall,  University  of  Illinois. 

136.  In  1867  a  law  was  passed  which  established 
the  State  University  at  Urbana.  The  expense  of  build- 
ing it  was  greatly  offset  by  a  gift  of  480,000  acres  of 
land  which  the  government  gave  to  the  state  for  that 
purpose. 


76  ILLINOIS 


Present  State  Capitol. 

137.  On  October  5th,  1868,  the  corner  stone  of 
the  new  State  Capitol  was  laid.    It  took  twenty  years 
to  complete  it  and  cost  nearly  five  million  dollars,  but 
it  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United  States.   (Briefly 
reviewing:  the  Territory  of  Illinois  had  one  capitol 
though  it  never  owned  it ;  the  State  of  Illinois  has  had 
three  capital  cities — Kaskaskia,  Vandalia  and  Spring- 
field and  seven  capitol  buildings,    five    of    which    it 
owned.    See  67,  71,  75,  93,  100.) 

138.  General  John  M.  Palmer    was    inaugurated 
governor  on  January  llth,  1869,  and  on  July  2d  of  the 


ILLINOIS 


77 


next  year  our  third  state  constitution  was  adopted. 
Among  many  other  good  features,  it  contained  a  pro- 
vision prohibiting  the  state  or  any  political  division 
thereof  from  giving  aid  to  any  private  enterprise  and 
another  providing  for  minority  representation. 


Southern  Illinois  Normal  University,  Carbondale. 

139.  In  the  year  1870,  the  Legislature  passed  a 
law  to  establish  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal  Univer- 
sity.   After  a  spirited  contest  among  different  cities  of 
southern  Illinois  it  was  finally  located  at  Carbondale 
and  its  doors  were  opened  four  years  later. 

140.  On   October   8th   and   9th,    1871,   the   great 
Chicago  fire  occurred.  It  covered  an  area  of  2200  acres 
— burning  nearly  16,000  buildings  with  a  total  valua- 
tion of  $200,000,000.     The  death  roll  was  over  300 


78  ILLINOIS 

and  200,000  were  rendered  homeless.  Insurance  for 
about  $100,000,000  was  carried  by  201  companies;  68 
of  these  companies  were  forced  into  liquidation  and 
only  about  half  the  insurance  was  ever  collected. 
From  the  ruins  of  the  old  wooden  city  a  "New  Chi- 
cago" immediately  sprang  up  that  has  been  the  won- 
der of  the  world.  It  is  said  that  the  fire  was  caused 
ty  a  cow's  kicking  a  lantern  over.  It  may  seem  strange 
if  we  say  that  the  smoke  was  seen  over  the  entire  state. 

141.  General  Richard  J.  Oglesby  was  again  in- 
augurated governor  on  January   13th,   1873.      Eight 
days  later  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate. 
He   resigned  the  governorship  and  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor John  L.  Beveridge  became  governor. 

142.  Shelby  M.  Cullom  was  inaugurated  govern- 
or January  8th,  1877.    During  this  administration  the 
last  burdensome  dollar  of  state  indebtedness,  which  at 
one  time  amounted  to  $16,000,000  was  paid  and  Illi- 
nois alone  of  all  the  states  was  out  of  debt  until  Gov- 
ernor Altgeld's  administration.    Governor  Cullom  was 
re-elected  in  1880  and  re-inaugurated  January  10th, 
1881.    He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  ir 
1883  and  Lieutenant  Governor  John  M.  Hamilton  suc- 
ceeded to  the  governor's  office. 

143.  General  Richard  J.   Oglesby    was    for    the 
third  time  inaugurated  governor    on    January    13th: 
1885.     On  May  4th,  1886,  a  mob  collected  on  Hay- 
market    Square,   Chicago,  and    when    the  police  ap- 
proached seven  of  the  latter  were  killed  by  the  explo- 


ILLINOIS  79 

sion  of  a  bomb  thrown  among  them.  Eight  men  were 
tried  for  this  crime,  four  of  whom  were  hanged  and 
three  were  sent  to  the  penitentiary.  The  other  com- 
mitted suicide. 

144.  Joseph  W.  Fifer,  popularly  called  "Private 
Joe,"    was   inaugurated   governor  on   January,   14th. 
1889.     This  year  a  law  was  passed  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal.     It  was  to  be 
along  the  route  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  and 
was  to  be  deep  enough  to  allow  the  water  to  flow  from 
Lake  Michigan  into  the  Illinois  River. 

145.  The  Mississippi    River    had    a    number  of 
times  overflowed  its  banks     and     was     changing  its 
course  in  the  region  of  Old  Kaskaskia  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  the  site  of  that  once  proud  metropolis  of  the 
Mississippi   Valley   had   almost   disappeared   and   the 
graves  of  those  who  had  lived  there  in  the  early  days 
of  Illinois  seemed  soon  to  be  washed  away.    In  1892 
the  Legislature  appropriated  $10,000  for  the  purpose 
of  removing  the  remains  from  the  cemetery  to  one  to 
be  selected  on  higher  ground.     On  account  of  objec- 
tions raised  by  their  descendants,  the  graves  of  a  few 
were  left  to  be  washed  away,  but  there  were  probably 
more  than  2,000  removed  to  "Garrison  Hill,"  a  beauti- 
ful site  overlooking  the  Mississippi  as  it  flows  placidly 
over  the  old.    The  exact  number  will  never  be  known, 
as  the  Mississippi  had  broken  in  and  badly  mixed  some 
of  the  graves  and  part  of  the  removal  was  of  neces- 
sity a  "wholesale"  affair,  however  the  work  was  done 
with  much  credit  to  all  concerned.     In  the  new  ceme- 


80  ILLINOIS 

tery  on  Garrison  Hill  stands  a  beautiful  monument, 
bearing  this  inscription: 


Those  who  sleep  here  were  first  buried  at 
Kaskaskia,  and  afterwards  removed  to  this 
cemetery.  They  were  the  early  pioneers  of 
the  great  Mississippi  Valley.  They  planted 
free  institutions  in  a  wilderness  and  were  the 
founders  of  a  great  commonwealth.  In  mem- 
ory of  their  service,  Illinois  gratefully  erects 
this  monument. 

1892 


The  original  site  of  town  and  cemetery  is  now  en- 
tirely covered  by  the  Mississippi  River,  but  as  we 
view  this  "City  of  the  Dead"  our  minds  wander  back 
more  than  two  centuries  to  the  time  when  the 
people  of  Kaskaskia  laid  the  foundation  of  the  "Grand 
Old  Commonwealth  of  Illinois." 

146.  John  P.  Altgeld  was  inaugurated  governor 
January,  1893.      The  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
was  held  at  Chicago  during  the  summer  of  that  year. 
On  June  26th,  1893,  Governor  Altgeld  pardoned  the 
three  Haymarket  rioters  (143)  who  were  in  the  pen- 
itentiary.    This  made  him  very  unpopular,   as   they 
were  considered  anarchists. 

147.  Through  the  efforts  of  County  Superintend- 
ent O.  J.  Kern,  Winnebago  County  has  combined  a 
number  of  its  rural  schools  into  Consolidated  Graded 
Schools.    By  this  plan  several  districts  unite  and  the 


ILLINOIS 


81 


children  are  taken  to  and  from  school  at  public  ex- 
pense. It  has  gone  beyond  the  experimental  stage  and 
bids  fair  to  revolutionize  the  rural  schools  of  Illinois. 
On  January  30,  1904,  Seward  Consolidated  School, 
the  first  consolidated  school  in  the  state,  was  dedicated, 

148.  In  1894  the  American  Railway  Union  went 
out  on  a  strike  in  the  city  of  Chicago.  Chaos  reigned 
until  President  Cleveland  ordered  Federal  troops  to 
the  scene  to  preserve  order.  Governor  Altgeld  took 
offense  at  this  alleged  usurpation  of  authority,  but  he 
finally  ordered  out  state  troops  to  take  their  places. 


Eastern  Illinois  Normal,  Charleston. 

149.     The  Legislature  passed  laws  in  1895  creat- 
ing   two    new    normal    schools.      One    is    located    at 


82 


ILLINOIS 


Charleston  and  is  known  as  "The  Eastern  Illinois 
Normal,"  the  other  is  at  DeKalb  and  is  called  "The 
Northern  Illinois  Normal  School."  In  completing  the 
history  of  Governor  Altgeld's  administration,  one 
thing,  at  least,  must  be  said  to  his  credit,  i.  e.,  that  he 


Northern  Illinois  Normal,  DeKalb. 


believed  in  substantial  buildings  and  to  such  an  ex- 
ytent  did  he  enforce  his  opinions  on  the  architects,  that 
the  buildings  erected  by  the  State  stand  as  monuments 
to  what  is  known  as  Altgeld  architecture. 

150.     John  R.  Tanner  was  inaugurated  governor 
January,  1897.   This  year  the  Legislature  passed  a  law 


ILLINOIS  83 

to  establish  "The  Western   Illinois  Normal   School." 
It  is  located  at  Macomb. 


Western  Illinois  Normal,  Macomb. 

151.  In   1898   the    Spanish-American    War    was 
fought.   Governor  Tanner  promptly  offered  the  service 
of  the  State  Militia  and  within  three  days  the  entire 
eight  regiments  were  ready  for  the  fray.  Several  other 
regiments  were  organized  and  were  anxious  for  a  fight 
1-ut  the  services  of  only  one  more  regiment  was  needed. 

152.  Richard  Yates,  son  of  the  "War  Governor," 
was  inaugurated  governor  January  8th,  1901.       This 
same  year  a  law  was  passed  providing  for  Farmers' 
Institutes.     This  law  has  already  proven  a  great  help 


84 


ILLINOIS 


to  the  farmers  of  the  State  and  the  wisdom  of  those 
who  favored  it  can  no  longer  be  questioned.  The 
campaign  for  governor  in  1904  was  quite  'exciting. 
Seven  avowed  candidates  were  in  the  field  for  the 
nominaton  on  the  republican  ticket  and  there  were 
several  so-called  "dark  horses."  The  State  Conven- 
tion lasted  nearly  a  month.  Finally,  Charles  S.  De- 
neen, of  Chicago,  was  nominated  and  he  was  elected 
over  Hon.  Lawrence  Stringer,  the  democratic  nom- 
inee. 


Charles  S.  Deueea. 


153.  Charles  S.  Deneen  was  inaugurated  gov- 
ernor January  9th,  1905.  That  year  a  Primary  Elec- 
tion Law  was  passed,  but  the  next  year  the  Supreme 
Court  declared  it  unconstitutional.  Governor  Deneen 


ILLINOIS 


85 


then  called  the  Legislature  together  in  special  session 
and  a  new  one  was  passed. 

154.  In  1907  the  Legislature  passed  a  Local  Op- 
tion Law  which  provides  that  the  people  of  any  city; 
township  or  county  may  vote  on  the  question  of  li- 
censing the  saloon.  As  a  result  of  this  the  liquor, 
traffic  has  been  greatly  reduced. 


Adlai  E.  Stevenson. 


155.  In  1908,  the  Legislature  repealed  the  Primary 
Election  Law  then  on  the  statute  books,  and  passed 
another,  but  the  Supreme  Court  declared  it  unconsti- 


86  ILLINOIS 

tutional.  This  was  another  campaign  year.  The  re- 
publicans nominated  Governor  Deneen  to  make  the 
race  again,  and  the  democrats  offered  that  deservedly 
popular  man,  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  of  Bloomington, 
who  had  honored  the  State  by  serving  as  the  efficient 
vice  president  of  the  United  States  from  1893  to 
1897.  This  "battle  of  the  ballots"  was  fought  along 
political  lines  and  the  former  was  re-elected. 

156.  On  August  14th,  1908,  a  race  riot  broke  out 
in  Springfield,  almost  under  the  shadow  of  the  mon- 
ument of  the  immortal  Lincoln,  and  for  nearly  two 
days,  in  fact  until  four  regiments  of  militia  were  on 
the  scene,  lawlessness  reigned  supreme.  Seven  people 
were  killed  and  more  than  fifty  wounded,  while  prop- 
erty valued  at  more  than  $100,000  was  destroyed. 
The  next  year,  Miss  Anna  Pelley,  of  Anna,  was  mur- 
dered by  a  negro  at  Cairo.  He  was  arrested  and  put 
in  jail,  but  it  became  known  that  a  crowd  was  being 
organized  to  resort  to  "lynch  law,"  and  the  sheriff 
left  with  him,  via  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  but 
was  headed  off  near  Dongola.  The  negro  was  taken 
back  and  hanged  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  Miss  Pelley 
was  buried  at  her  home  and  the  public  spirited  citizens 
of  Anna  and  Cairo  erected  a  beautiful  monument  to 
her  memory.  Mob  law  is  wrong,  but  back  of  it  all 
is  the  fact  that  the  politicians  catered  for  the  negro 
vote  and  did  not  enforce  the  laws  against  them. 


CHAPTER  V. 

SOMEWHAT    GEOGRAPHICAL. 

157.  The  length  of  Illinois  is  388  miles.   It  has  an 
area  of  56,000  square  miles  and  contains  nearly  6,000,- 
000  people.     It  ranks  third  among  the  states  of  the 
Union  in  the  production  of  manufactured  goods  and 
of  iron  and  steel  products ;  second  in  the  production  of 
coal;  first  in  farm  products.     It  contains  more  miles 
of  railroad  than  any  other  state.     In  the  manufacture 
of  watches,  farm  implements,  railroad  cars  and  pack- 
ed meats  it  leads  the  world. 

158.  There   is  now   strong  probability    that    the 
Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  the  Illinois  River  and  the 
Mississippi  River  will  be  converted  into  a  deep  water- 
way connecting  the  Lakes  with  the  Gulf.    The  mater- 
ialization of  this  enterprise  would  make  a  seaport  of 
every  town  along  these  rivers.    There  can  be  no  rea- 
sonable conclusion  reached  as  to  the  vast  possibilities 
opening  up  before  us. 

IN    CONCLUSION. 

159.  Attempting  to  give  only  the  important  facts  we 
have  now  traced  the  history  of  the  great  state  of  Illi- 
nois from  its  discovery  by  Marquette  and  Joliet  to  the 
present,  telling  of  many  brave    deeds    and    brilliant 
achievements  of  the  men  of  Illinois  with  but  few  ref- 
erences to  the  women  of  Illinois,  and,  without  any  de- 


88  ILLINOIS 

sire  to  detract  from  the  glory  due  the  men,  we  wish 
here  to  direct  attention  to  the  sainted  old  mother  who: 
out  of  unbounded  love,  read  the  Bible,  the  best  of 
classics,  to  her  sons  and  daughters,  teaching  them  by 
precept  and  practice  to  imitate  that  "Perfect  Model" 
of  love  and  faith  and  duty.  "Be  a  good  boy,  is  what 
she  says  to  the  little  fellow  each  day  as  he  starts  to 
school.  Be  a  good  boy,  is  what  she  says  to  the  youth 
as  he  leaves  for  college.  Be  a  good  boy  is  stili  her 
sacred  charge,  when,  standing  at  the  gate,  she  gives 
him  her  blessing  as  he  goes  out  into  the  world." 

160.  Nor  would  we  forget  the  good  and  faithful 
teacher,  who  takes  the  little  urchins  from  a  variety  of 
homes,  teaching  them  how  to  be  useful  citizens,  often 
quelling  miniature  rebellions,  giving  them   stories  of 
loyalty  and  patriotism,  instilling  in  them  a  reverence 
for  our  forefathers  and  a  love  for  our  country's  flag 
and  ail  it  represents. 

161.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  no  less  did 
the  "Woman  of  Illinois"  expect  of  her  son,  her  brother 
or  her  lover  than  the  Spartan  mother  did  of  her  son 
whom  she  told  to  come  back  bearing  his  shield  tri- 
umphantly or  be  brought  back  dead  upon  it.       The 
soldier  "sang  of  love  and  not  of  fame"  when  he  took 
up  the  sweet  refrain    of    "Just    Before    the    Battle, 
Mother."     Well  does  the  author  remember  that  when 
each  regiment  of  Illinois  troops  went  to  the  front  in 
the    Spanish-American     War    its    band    would    play, 
"The    Girl    I    Left    Behind    Me."      Such    influences 


ILLINOIS  89 

through  childhood  and  youth  and  manhood  would 
make  him  feel  happy  to  die  righting  for  his  country. 
The  immortal  Lincoln  had  these  in  mind  when  he 
said :  "Let  reverence  of  the  law  be  breathed  by  every 
mother  to  the  lisping  babe  that  prattles  in  her  lap ;  let 
it  be  taught  in  schools,  seminaries,  and  colleges ;  let  it 
be  written  in  primers,  spelling-books  and  almanacs; 
let  it  be  preached  from  pulpits,  and  proclaimed  in  leg- 
islative halls,  and  enforced  in  courts  of  justice;  in 
short,  let  it  become  the  political  religion  of  the  nation" 

1G2. 

"Through  the  long  vista  of  departed  years, 
The  kindling  eye  now  gazes — dimmed  with  tears 
And  now  with  magic  power  behold  it  brings 
The  sweets  of  memory  without  its  stings." 

When  we  view  our  great  state  in  the  light  of 
past,  present  and  future  events,  witnessing  its  tri- 
umphs of  both  peace  and  war,  it  makes  us  proud  to 
be  an  Illinoisan  and  there  is  added  greater  wealth  of 
pride  than  ever  before  to  that  beloved  boast,  "I  am  an 
American  citizen."  As  La  Salle  looked  from  his  fort 
on  Starved  Rock,  "inaccessible  as  an  eagle's  nest," 
over  his  thousands  of  Indian  Braves  that  roamed  over 
valley  and  plain,  little  did  he  dream  that  instead  of  a 
vast  French  Dominion,  a  state  like  ours  would  exist 
with  a  name  that  had  always  been  magic  in  his  ears — 
Illinois. 


Every  acre  of  ground,  every  house  and  lot,  every  bit  of 
personal  property  in  the  State  gets  its  value  largely  through 
the  development  of  standards  of  intelligent  appreciation  and 
intelligent  desires.  When  the  savage  roamed  over  this  rich 
land  it  was  worthless,  because  he  had  not  the  intelligence, 
not  the  education,  not  the  training  to  understand  the  land 
and  its  resources.  The  .safety  of  property  depends  upon  the 
honesty  of  the  people.  The  honesty  of  the  people  depends 
upon  their  respect  for  law  and  property.  This  respect  for  law 
and  property  is  largely  a  creature  of  education.  I  believe  the 
value  and  safety  of  property  depend  upon  the  universality  and 
soundness  of  our  education. 


APPENDIX 


GOVERNORS  AND   LIEUTENANT  GOVERN- 
ORS  OF   ILLINOIS 

D.,  Democrat;  R.,  Republican;  **  Resigned;  *  Died  in  office. 


Date  Governor 

1818— Shadrach  Bond   D 

1822— Edward   Coles    D 

1826 — Ninian  Edwards D 

1830— John  Reynolds*    D 

1834— William  L.  D.  Ewing.  .  D 

1834— Joseph  Duncan  D 

1836—   

1838— Thomas   Carlin    D 

1842 — Thomas    Ford    D 

1846 — Augustus  C.  French D 

1848 — Augustus  C.  French D 

1853— Joel  A.  Mattison D 

1857— William  H.   Bissell**. .  .,R 

1860— John  Wood    R 

1861— Richard   Yates,   Sr R 

1865— Richard  J.  Oglesby R 

1869— John  M.   Palmer R 

1873— Richard   J.   Oglesby**.  .  .R 

1873— John  L.  Beveridge R 

1877— Shelby  M.   Cullom R 

1881— Shelby   M.   Cullom**. ..  .R 

1883— John  M.  Hamilton R 

1885— Richard  J.   Oglesby R 

1889— Joseph  W.  Fifer R 

1893— John   P.   Altgeld D 

1897— John  R.  Tanner R 

1901— Richard  Yates,  Jr R 

1905— Chas.  S.  Deneen R 

1909— Chas.   S.  Deneen R 


Lieutenant  Governor 

Pierre  Menard    D 

Adolphus    Hubbard D 

William  Kinney   D 

Wi'iliam  L.  D.  Ewing D 

See  90 

Alexander  M.  Jenkins* .  .  D 
William  H.  Davidson... D 
Stinson  H.  Anderson.  . .  ,D 

John   Moore    D 

Joseph   B.    Wells D 

William   McMurtry D 

Gustave  Koerner   D 

John   Wood    R 

See  122 

Frances  A.  Hoffman D 

William   Bross    R 

John   Dougherty    R 

John  L.   Beveridge R 

See  141 

Andrew   Shuman    R 

John   M.  Hamilton R 

See  142 

John  C.  Smith R 

Lyman  B.  Ray. R 

Joseph   B.    Gill D 

William  A.  Northcott. .  .R 
William  A.  Northcott.  .  .R 
Lawrence  Y.  Sherman... R 
John  G.  Oglesby R 


92  ILLINOIS 

U.  S.  SENATORS  FROM  ILLINOIS 
1818—1909 

"The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of 
two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  legislature 
thereof,  for  six  years."  'No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been 
nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not 
when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he 
shall  be  chosen." 

*  Died  iti  office;  **  Resigned;  D.,  Democrat;  R.,  Republican  ;  Ind., 
Independent. 

Name                                             Residence                       In  Out 

Ninian  Edwards  D.  ..  .Kaskaskia    1818  1819 

Jesse  B.  Thomas D Kaskaskia    1818  1823 

**Ninian    Edwards D Edwardsville    1819  1824 

Jesse  B.  Thomas D Edwardsville    1823  1829 

John  McLean   D. . .  .Shawneetown    1824  1825 

Elias  Kent  Kane D Kaskaskia    1825  1831 

*  John  McLean   D.  ..  .Shawneetown    1829  1830 

David  J.   Baker D Kaskaskia    11-12-30  12-11-30 

John  M.   Robinson D....Carmi 1830  1835 

*Elias   Kent  Kane D.  ..  .Kaskaskia    1831  1835 

John  M.  Robinson D Carmi    1835  1841 

W.  L.  D.  Ewing D Vandalia    1835  1837 

Richard  M.  Young.   .  .D.  . .  Jonesboro    1837  1843 

*Samuel    McRoberts.  ..D.  ..  .Waterloo    1841  1343 

Sidney  Breese   D....Carlyle   1843  1849 

James    Semple D.... Alton    1843  1847 

Stephen  A.   Douglas.  ..D Quincy     1847  1853 

James  Shields D .  . .  .  Springfield    1849  1855 

Stephen  A.   Douglas.  ..D Chicago    1853  1859 

Lyman  Trumbull    D Belleville     1855  1861 

*Stephen  A.  Douglas.  D Chicago    1859  1861 

Lyman  Trumbull R Chicago    1861  1867 

O.  H.  Browning. R Quincy    1861  1863 

W.  A.  Richardson D Quincy    1863  1865 

Richard  Yates   R Jacksonville    1865  1871 

Lyman  Trumbull    R Chicago    1867  1873 

John  A.  Logan R Chicago    1871  1877 

Richard  J.  Oglesby ....  R ....  Decatur    1873  1879 

David  Davis   Ind Bloomington    1877  1883 

John  A.  Logan R Chicago    1879  1885 

Shelby  M.  Cullom ....  R ....  Springfield    1883  1889 


ILLINOIS  93 

Name                                               Residence                        In  Out 

*John  A.  Logan R Chicago    1885  1886 

Charles  B.  Farwell R Chicago    1887  1891 

Shelby  M.  Cullom R Springfield    1889  189,5 

John  M.   Palmer D Springfield 1891  1897 

Shelby  M.  Cullom R Soringfield 1895  1901 

William  E.   Mason R Chicago    1897  1903 

Shelby  M.  Cullom R Springfield     1901  1907 

Albert  J.  Hopkins R Aurora    1903  1909 

Shelby  M.  Cullom R Snringfield    1907         

W.  R.  Lorimer R Chicago    1909         


INFORMATION  ABOUT  THE  COUNTIES  OF 
ILLINOIS 

The  star  indicates  that  the  county  is  not  under  township 
organization. 

Name  Organized     Sq.  mi.       Pop.  1910  Origin  of  Name 

Adams 1825..  830..      64588 J.Q.Adams 

Alexander*   ..   1819..  220..  22741. W.M.Alexander 

Bond 1817..  380..  17075.. Shadrach  Bond 

Boone 1837..  288..  15481.  .  .Daniel  Boone 

Brown 1839..  306..  10397.  ...Jacob  Brown 

Bureau 1837..  840..     43975 P.  de  Buero 

Calhoun*   ..    ..1825..  251..  8610.  .  .  J.  C.  Calhoun 

Carroll 1839..  450..      18035 Chas.  CarroU 

Cass* 1837..  460..      17372 Lewis  Cass 

Champaign  .  ..  1833.  .1008.  .  51829.  .A  Co.  in  Ohio 

Christian    .  .    .  .1839.  .  702.  .  34549. .  ..A  Co.  in  Ky. 

Clark    1819..  513..  23517... Geo.  R.  Clark 

Clay 1824..  466..  18661....  Henry  Clay 

Clinton    1824..  487..  22832.  DeWitt   Clinton 

Coles 1830..  520..  34517.  ..Edward  Coles 

Cook 1831..  890.  .2405233.... Dan  P.  Cook 

Crawford   ..    ..1816..  470..  26281.. W.H  Crawford 

Cumberland  ..  1843..  350..  14281.  .Cumberl'd  R'd 

DeKalb.          ..1837..  650..  33457.. Baron  DeKalb 


94 


ILLINOIS 


Name 

DeWitt  ... 
Douglas  .  . 
DuPage  . . 
Edgar    ...    , 
Edwards*  . . 
Effingham   . 
Fayette   . . . 

Ford 

Franklin   .  . 
Fulton    ...    , 
Gallatin   .  .    , 
Greene  .... 
Grundy   . . .   , 
Hamilton  .  . 
Hancock  . . 
Hardin*    ... 
Henderson* 
Henry    .... 
Iroquois   .  . 
Jackson    .  . 
Jasper    .  .    . 
Jefferson    .  . 
Jersey 
Jo   Daviess 
Johnson*   .  . 

Kane 

Kankakee   .  . 
Kendall  ... 
Knox   .... 

Lake 

LaSalle  ... 
Lawrence  .  . 

Lee 

Livingston  . 
Logan   .... 


Organized     Sq.  mi.       Pop.  1910 


Origin  of  Name 


1839. 
1857. 
1839. 
1823. 
.1814. 
1831. 
1821. 
1859. 
1818. 
1823. 
1812. 
1821. 
1841. 
1821. 
1825. 
1839. 
1841. 
1825. 
1833. 
1816. 
1831. 
1819. 
1839. 
1817. 
1812. 
1836. 
.1851. 
1841 . 
1825. 
,1839. 
,1831. 
,1821. 
1839. 
1837. 
,1839. 


440.  .  18906,  DeWitt  Clinton 
410.  .  19591.. S.  A.  Douglas 
340..  33432.. DuPage  River 

640.  .     27336 John  Edgar 

220.  .  10490  Ninian  Edwards 
486..  20255.. Ed.  Effingham 

720..     28001 La  Fayette 

580..  17096..  ..  Thos.  Ford 
430.  .  25943.  .Benj.  Franklin 
864.  .  49549.  .  .  Robt.  Fulton 
14628.. Albert  Gallatin 
23363.  .  .Nath.  Greene 
24162. .  Felix  Grundy 
18227.  .  .  A.  Hamilton 
30638.  John  Hancock 
7015.  .  .A  Co.  in  Ky. 
10727  Henderson  R'vr 
41736.  .Patrick  Henry 
15543 . .  .  Indian  name 
33143  Andrew  Jackson 
18157.. Sgt.  W.  Jasper 

29111 T.  Jefferson 

13954 New  Jersey 

22654 Jo  Daviess 

14331.. R.  M.  Johnson 
91862.  .Elias  K.  Kane 
40752.  . .  Indian  name 
10777.  .  Amos  Kendall 
46159.  ..  Henry  Knox 
55058.. Lake  Michigan 
90132.  ..LaSalle,  Exp 
22661.. Jas.  Lawrence 

27250 R.  H.  Lee 

40465.. Ed.  Livingston 
30216. Dr.  Jno.  Logan 


540. 
440, 
440, 
780. 
180. 
380, 
825. 

1100. 
580. 
484, 
466. 
360, 
650. 
340, 
540, 
680. 
321. 
720. 
394, 

1153, 
362 
728 

1026 
620 


ILLINOIS 


95 


Name 

Organized 

Sq.  mi. 

Pop.  1910           Origin  of  Name 

Macon   .  .    . 

...1829.. 

580.  . 

54186  .  .  .  Nath.    Macon 

Macoupin   .  . 

..1829.. 

864.. 

50685.  .  .   Indian  name 

Madison  ..  . 

...1812.. 

740.. 

89847..  .  Jas.  Madison 

Marion   .  .  . 

...1824.. 

576.. 

35037  Francis  Marion 

Marshall  .  . 

...1839.. 

350.  . 

15679.  John   Marshall 

Mason   .  .    . 

...1841.. 

518.. 

17377...  A  Co.  in  Ky. 

Massac*   .  . 

...1843.. 

240.  . 

14200  .  .  .   Fort  Massac 

McDonough 

..1826.. 

576.. 

26887,  T.  McDonough 

McHenry    .  . 

...1836.. 

612.. 

32509,  Wm.  McHenry 

McLean  .  . 

...1830.. 

1161.. 

68008.  .  John  McLean 

Menard*  .  . 

...1839.. 

311.. 

12796.  .Pierre  Menard 

Mercer  .  .    . 

...1825.. 

550.. 

19723...  Hugh  Mercer 

Monroe*   .  . 

...1816.. 

380.  . 

13508.  .  .   Jas.  Monroe 

Montgomery 

..1821.. 

740.. 

35311  R.  Montgomery 

Morgan*   .  . 

..1823.. 

563.. 

34420,  Daniel  Morgan 

Moultrie  .  . 

...1843.. 

340.. 

14630.  .Wm.    Moultrie 

O^le  . 

.  .  .1836.  . 

773 

27864.  .  .   Joseph  Ogle 

Peoria  .... 

...1825.. 

630.  . 

100255...   Indian  name 

Perry*   .  .    . 

...1827.. 

432.. 

22088....  O.  H.  Perry 

Piatt  .  . 

.  .1841.  . 

440 

16376.  .  .  .    Benj.  Piatt 

Pike   

.  .  .1821.  . 

756.  . 

28622.      .   Z    M    Pike 

Pooe*  

..  ..1816.  . 

360.  . 

11215.  Nathaniel  Pope 

Pulaski*    .. 

...1843.. 

190.. 

15650,  Casimir  Pulaski 

Putnam    .  . 

...1825.. 

170.. 

7561.  .Israel    Putnam 

Randolph*   . 

..  1795.. 

560.. 

29120  Em'd  Randolph 

Richland    .  . 

..1841.. 

380.. 

15970..  A  Co.  in  Ohio 

Rock  Island 

...1831.. 

420.. 

70404  Isl'd  samte  name 

Saline 

1847.  . 

396 

30204.  .  .    Saline  creek 

Sangamon   . 

...1821.. 

875.  . 

91029..  .   Indian  name 

Schuyler   .  . 

..1825.. 

414.. 

14852,  Philip  Schuyler 

Scott*   .  .     . 

.  .  .1839.  . 

252.  . 

10067.  ...A  Co.  in  Ky. 

Shelby  .... 

...1827.. 

760.. 

31693...  Isaac  Shelby 

Stark    ...    . 

.  .  .1839.  . 

290.  . 

10098           John  Stark 

St.  Clair   .  . 

.  .  .1790.  . 

680.  . 

119870  A.  St.  Clair 

Stephenson 

...1837.. 

573.. 

36821  Benj.  Steph'son 

96 


ILLINOIS 


Name 

Tazewell    .  . 
Union*    ...    . 
Vermillion    . 
Wabash*   .. 

Warren  

Washington 
Wayne  .... 
White   ...    .. 
Whiteside    . . 

Will 

Williamson* 
Winnebago    . 
Woodford   . 


Organized  Sq.  mi 

. .1827..  650. 

..1818..  400 

...1826..  882, 

..1824..  2*50. 

..1825.  540 

..1818..  557. 

..1819..  720. 

..1815..  500. 

. .1836.  .  676. 

.1836. .  850. 


..1839..  440 
..1836..  540 
,.1841..  556. 


Pop.  1910  Origin  of  Name 

34027. L.  W.  Tazewell 
21856....  The  Union 
77996..  Vermillion  R. 
14913. .  .  Indian  name 

23133 Jos.  Warren 

18753.. G.  Washington 
25697.  .Anth'y  Wayne 
23052.. Leonard  White 
34507...  S.  Whiteside 
84371.... Conrad  Will 
45098.. A  Co.  in  Tenn. 
63153.  .  .  Indian  name 
20506.  ..A  Co.  in  Ky. 


Population  of  Illinois,  5,638,591. 


STATE  OFFICERS 

GOVERNOR 

Charles  S.  Deneen,  Chicago,  re-elected  190S. 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR 

John  G.  Oglesby,  Elkhart,  elected  1908. 

SECRETARY    OF    STATE 

James  A.  Rose,  Golconda,  re-elected  19C8. 

AUDITOR    OF    PUBLIC    ACCOUNTS 

James  S.  McCullough,  Urbana,  re-elected  1908. 

TREASURER 

Ed.  E.  Mitchell,  Carbondale,  elected   1908. 

SUPERINTENDENT    OF     PUBLIC    INSTRUCTION 

Francis  G.  Blair,  Charleston,  re-elected  1910. 

ATTORNEY    GENERAL 

William  H.  Stead,  Ottawa,  re-elected  1908. 

CLERK    OF    SUPREME    COURT 

J.  McCan  Davis,  Springfield,  elected  1908. 


ILLINOIS  97 


JUDGES    OF    SUPREME    COURT 

First  District — Alonzo   K.  Vickers. 
Second  District — William  M.  Farmer. 
Third  District— Frank  K  Dunn. 
Fourth  District — George  A.  Cooke. 
Fifth  District— John  P.  Hand. 
Sixth  District — James  H.   Cartright. 
Seventh  District — Orin  N.  Carter. 
James  H.  Cartright  is  Chief  Justice. 

EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS. 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana — Dr.  E.  J.  James,  President. 
State  Normal  University,  Normal — Dr.  David  Felmley,  Pres. 
Southern  Illinois   Normal  University,  Carbondale — Dr.  D.  B. 

Parkinson,  President. 
Eastern  Illinois  State  Normal  School,  Charleston — Dr.  L.  C. 

Lord,  President. 
Northern   Illinois    State   Normal    School,    DeKalb — Dr.    John 

W.  Cook,  President. 
Western  Illinois  State  Normal  School,  Macomb — Dr.  Alfred 

Bayliss,  President. 


INDEX 


(Numbers  refer  to  paragraphs.) 


Aborigines,    1. 

A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  48. 

Albion,   72. 

Algonquins,    2,    5. 

Alleghenies,    36. 

Altgeld,  John  P.,  142,  146, 

143. 

Alton,  51,  80,  84,  120,  124. 
Amendment,  Thirteenth,  133. 
American   Bottom,   8,   38. 
American  Ry.  Union,  148. 
Americans,  51. 
Anarchists,    143. 

Badgley,  Rev.  D.,  44. 
Bank  of  Kaskaskia,   57. 
Bank  of   Edwardsville,   57. 
Bank   of  Illinois,   102. 
Bank  of  Shawneetown,   57. 
Banks,    Private,    114. 
Bank,    State,    72,    83,    85,   91, 

102. 

Banks,    "Wildcat,"   57,    72. 
Baptist  Church,  44. 
Beveridge,  John  L,  141. 
Black  Hawk  War,  11,  86,  89. 
Birney,  James  G.,  101. 
Birkbeck.  Morris,  74. 
Bissell,  Wm.   H.,  119,  122. 
Black  Laws,  70,   133. 
Block   Houses,   51. 
Boisbraint,  Pierre  Duque,  15. 
Bond,    Shadrach     70. 
Boundary  of  Illinois,  66. 
Breese,    Sidney,    71. 
British,  20,  21,  51,  54. 
British   Sympathizers,   23. 


Brownsville,    72. 
Burnett,   Timothy,   73. 
Burr,  Aaron,  47. 

Cahokia,   3,   8. 
Cairo,   113,   127. 
Campbell's   Island,   54. 
Campbell,   Lt,    54. 
Camp  Russell,  51. 
Canals,   91,   110,   144,   158. 
Capital,  67,  70,  71,  100. 
Capitol,    48,    67,    71,    75,    93, 

100,   135. 

Carlin,   Thomas,  98. 
Carbondale,   137. 
Carthage,    91. 
Cartright,   Rev.    Peter,   82. 
Carnival  of  Crime,   110. 
Charleston,   120,   149. 
Chartres,  Fort,  15,   17,  20. 
Chester,   124. 
Chicago,  46,  51,  96. 
Chicago   Fire,    140. 
Church,    Baptist,   44. 
Church,   M.    E...   42. 
Church,  Cum.   Pres.,  58. 
Church,   Cov.    Pres.,   59. 
Civil  War,   126,   133. 
Clark,  George  Rogers,  23,  38. 
Coles,   Edwadd,   74. 
Congress,  40,  45,  66,  83,  110, 

113. 

Connecticut,  21,  39. 
Consolidated   Schools,   147. 
Constitution,  67,  74,  109,  111, 

138. 


ILLINOIS 


99 


Corn   Island,   24. 
Counties,  see  appendix. 
Court,  Federal,  89. 
Court,  U.  S.  Supreme.  103. 
Court,   First  in  Illinois,   19. 
Counterfeiting,  104,   112. 
Craig,   Capt.,   53. 
Cullom,   Shelby  M.,  142. 

Dearborn   Massacre,  51. 

Debt,  State,  see  State  Debt. 

Debt,   War,   39.« 

DeKalb,    146. 

Deep  Waterway,  158. 

Democrats,   104. 

Deneen,  Charles  S.,  150. 

Dixon,   77. 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  120,  128. 

Dueling,   73. 

Duncan,   Joseph,   76,   S3,   94. 

Duncan,   Matthew,  56. 

Dunkards,    78. 

East  St.  Louis,  8. 
Eddy,   Henry,  74. 
Edwards   Co.,   76. 
Edwards,  Ninian  W.,   115. 
Edwards,   Ninian,  79. 
Edwardsville,  79. 
Eel  Rivers,  4. 
Enabling  Act,  66. 
England,  33,  36,  51,  134. 
Epidemic,   99. 
Ewing,   L.   D.,  90. 
Exposition,   146. 

Farmers    Institutes,  152. 
Federal   Court,  89. 
Fifer,   Joseph   W.,    144. 
Flag,   27.    69. 
Flatheads,    112. 
Ford,  Thomas,   102. 
Fort  Chartres,   15,  20. 
Fort  Clark,  53. 
Fort  Creve  Cour,  7,  13. 


Fort  Dearborn,  46,  51,  52,  88. 

Fort  Gage,  20. 

Fort   Massac,   47. 

Fort  Pitt,  24. 

Forts,  51. 

Fort   Snelling,  81. 

Fort   St.   Louis,  7,  9,   13. 

Fort   Sumpter,    127. 

Foxes,  5,  6,  9,  53. 

France,  17,  36. 

Fraud,   121. 

French, .A.  C,  109,  111. 

Galena,  71,  98. 
Galesburg,  120. 
Garrison  Hill,  145. 
George  III,  18. 
Gibault,   Father.   28. 
Grant,  U.  S.,  130    133. 
Great  Northern  Cross  R.  R., 
97,  102. 

Hamilton,  John  M.,  142. 
Hamilton,  Sir  Henry,  30,  33. 
Harrison,  William   H.,  68. 
Haymarket   Riot,   143. 
Heald,    Capt,    52. 
Helm,  Capt.,  29. 
Hennepin,   Father  Louis    13. 
Henry,    Patrick,   23. 
Homestead   Exemption,   114. 

Illini,   3,  6,   7,  9,   13,   41. 
Illinois,    12,    13,    15,    35,    41, 

51,  66. 

Illinois  and  Mich,  see  canal. 
Illinois  Cen.  R.  R.,  114,  US. 
Illinois  Herald,  56. 
Illinois   Territory,   49,  50. 
Indiana,  41,  49. 
Indiana  Territory,  45. 
Indians,  1,  14,  23,  27,  30,  51, 

52,  54. 

Internal  Improvement,  94, 
109. 


100  ILLINOIS 

I.   O.   O.   R,  92.  Masonic   Lodge,   48. 

Iroquois,   2,   6,   9,    13.  Matteson,   Joel   A.,   115,   121. 

McGready,    Rev.    James,    58. 

Jackson,   Andrew,   55,   91.  McKendree   College,   82. 

Joliet,    119.  McLean,  John,   67. 

Jolicr,    Louis,    12.  M.   E.   Church,  42. 

Jonesboro,  120.  Mercdosia,  97. 

Juries,   19.  Metropolis,  41,  124. 

Mexican  War,  106. 

Kaskaskia,   8,    14,   15,   16,  20,  Miamis,  4: 

23,    26,    27,   35,    38,    41,    56,  Michigamies,   3. 

67,  77,  145.  Minority  Representation,  138. 

Kaskaskia    Cemetery.    145.  Mormons,   104. 

Kaskaskia  River,  14,  27,  51.  JJonev'    5T7> 

Kaskaskias,  14.  ™°nrT'  Jam°S<  °7' 

Keel  Boats,  31.  Mbunds,  1. 

Kentucky,   23,    52.  Murphysboro,    72. 

Kentuckians,    24,    53.  Muscogees,    2. 

Keokuk,   86.  Muster   Days,   55. 
Kickapoos,   5,  6,  9. 

Kidnappers,    112,    123.  Nauvoo,   104. 

Knights     of    Golden    Circle,  Neeroes,    16,    40,    68,    70,    74, 

128  101,  105,  115,  123,  125,  133. 

New  Design,  37,  42,  44. 

Lafayette,   Gen.,   77.  Newspapers,    56. 

Lands,   Indian,  86.  New   York,  39. 

Lands,   Railroad,   113,   115.  Normal,    119. 

Lands,    School,    83.  Normal,   Eastern,   149. 

Latter   Day   Saints,   91.  Normal,    Northern,    149. 

LaSalle    113     124  Normal,    Southern,    139. 

LaSalle!  Robert,  3,  7,  13,  162.  Normal,    State,   119. 

Lebanon,  82.  Normal,   Western,   150 

Legislature,    59,    70,    72,    74,  Northern     Cross     Road,     97, 

94,    112,    132,    145,    153.  x  102- 

Lillard,   Rev.    Joseph,   42.  Northwest   Territory,   45. 
Lincoln,    Abraham,    120,    126, 

128,  130,  133.  Odd  Fellows,  92. 

Linn,    Capt,   25.  Ogden,  W.  B.,  96. 

Liquor,   114,  151.  Oelesby,    Richard    J.,     133, 

Logan,    John    A.,    129,    133.  141,    143. 

Louis  XIV,  15.  Ohio,  41,  45. 

Lovejoy,  Rev.   Elijah  P.,  95.  Ordinance   of   1787,   40,   74. 

Ottawa,   120. 
Macomb,   147. 

Marquette,    Father,    12.  Palmer,   John   M.,   138. 


ILLINOIS 


101 


Peck,   Rev.  John  M.,  74,  8"J. 
Pelley,  Anna,  156. 
Penitentiary,  84,   119. 
Peoria,  53. 
Peorias,  3,  8,  9. 
Pet  Banks,  91. 
Piankeshaws,   4. 
Pioneers,  60-65. 
Polk,  James  K.,  106. 
Pope,  Nathaniel,  66. 
Pottawatomies,  5,  9,  96. 
Primary  Elections,   152,   155. 

Buincy,  97,  120,  124. 
uebec   Act,   21. 

Railroad  Lands,  113,  115. 
Railroads,  89,  97,  102,  113, 

114,  118. 

Randolph  County,  43. 
Rangers,  53. 
Rebellion,  126,  133. 
Regulators,  112. 
Rdigious   Freedom,  40. 
Renault,  Philip  F.,  16. 
Republicans,    117,   126. 
Reynolds,  John,  46,  84,  86, 

90,  110. 

Rock  Island,  86. 
Rock  Springs,  80. 
Russell,  William,  53. 

Sacs,  5,  6,  9,  53,  76,  86. 
Salt   Works,   84. 
School  Lands,  83. 
Schools,  37,  76,  83,  91,  103, 

115,  116,  119. 
Scott,  Wiiifield,  88. 
Seeley,    S.   J.}   37. 
Sharon,  58. 
Shawnees,  5. 

Shawneetown.  57,  72,  77,  79. 
Shields,   James,    106,   107. 
Shiloh,  42. 

Shnrtleff   College,   80. 
Sioux,   5. 


Slavery.    16,    40,    68,    70,    74, 
101,  105,   123,   124,   125,  133. 
Smith,  G.  W.,  25. 
Smith,   Joseph,   104. 
Songs,   131. 
Spain,   36. 

Spanish-American   War,   151. 
Springfield,  97,   99. 
Starved   Rock,  9,   160. 
State  Bank,  83,  85,  91,  102. 
State   Debt,   94,   102,   142. 
State    Normal,    119. 
State  University,   136. 
St.   Clair,   Arthur,  41. 
St.   Clair   County,  41,  43. 
Stephenson,    B.    F.,    135. 
Stevenson,  A.   E.,   155. 
Stewart,  A.   C,  73. 
Sterling,    Capt,    17. 
Stillman,  87. 
St.   Louis,   17,    127. 
Supt.   of   Schools,   103,   115. 
Supreme  Court  of  U.  S.,  105. 
Surplus    Revenue,    91, 

Tamaroa,   8. 
Tamaroas,  3,  6,  8,  14. 
Tanner,  John  R.,  149. 
Taylor,    Zachary,    54. 
Teachers,   64,   116,   161. 
Theological  Sem.  and  H.  S., 

80. 

Thirteenth   Amendment    133. 
Thomas,  Jesse  B.,  59. 
Todd,  John,  35. 
Tonti,   Henr-.    13. 
Township   Organization,   114. 
Treaty  of  Paris,  17. 

Underground    Railway,    123, 

125. 

Union  Jack,   17,  27. 
Universalists,    78. 
University,   136. 
Urbana,   136. 
Utica,  8. 


102  ILLINOIS 

Vandalia,   70,   71,   77,   93.  Winnebagoes,  5,  6,  81,  87,  88. 

Venison,    60,    71.  Wisconsin,    12,    87,    108. 

Vincennes,  29,  31,  52.  Witchcraft,   35. 

Virginia,  21,  23,  35,  39.  Wolfe,    Rev.    George,   78. 

Wolfe,   Gen.   James,   17. 

Wabash  River,  29,  31,  43,  51.  Women,  132,  160,  161,  162. 

War  Debts,  39.  Wood,  John,    122. 

War  of  1812,  11.  World's    Columbian    Exposi- 

War    Governor,    127.  tion,   146. 

Weas,    4.  Wylie,  Rev.   Samuel,  59. 
Whigs.    104. 

Wigwam,    The,    126.  Yates,    Richard,    Sr.,   127. 

Wildcat  Banks,  57,  72.  Yates,  Richard,  Jr.,  152. 


HISTORY   OF 


COUNTY,    ILLINOIS 


